Nutrition Handout Essay Example

Nutrition Handout Essay The nutrient and energy standards known as the RDA are currently being revised. The new recommendations are called Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The following chart provides the most updated goals for nutrient intake available for males and females between 31 50. For information about other ages, or special populations such as pregnancy or lactation, please go to www. nal. usda. gov.Nutrient FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Retinol, beta-carotene and various other carotenoids RDA or DRI RDA Males: 1000 ug RE Females: 800 UG RE Functions in the Body/Benefits Helps maintain good vision (necessary for night vision), resistance to infections, and supports growth and repair of body tissues. Also maintains integrity of white and red blood cells, assists in immune reactions, helps maintain the stability of cell membranes. Member of a large and cooperative bone-making and bone maintenance team. Regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus for bone health.Fat-soluble antioxidant. Helps ma intain cell membranes, red blood cell integrity, protects vitamin A and fatty acids from oxidation. Helps make factors that promote blood clotting. Dietary Sources Milk, eggs, meat, fish liver oils. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids are found in: Green leafy vegetables kale, spinach, broccoli, collard greens, parsley, turnip greens, escarole. Yellow vegetables carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash, pumpkin. Yellow and orange fruits mango, cantaloupe, papaya, and apricots. Formed in skin when exposed to sunlight.Also found in dairy products, egg yolk, fish liver oils, tuna, mackerel, herring, sardines, oysters, yeast. Found primarily in plant oils, green, leafy vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, egg yolk, nuts, seeds, and liver. Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract. Diet generally supplies remaining need. Green, leafy vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables and milk. Vitamin D Cholecal-ciferol, ergocalciferol Vitamin E Tocopherol, Tocotrienols Vitamin K DRI Males: 5. 0 ug F emales: 5. 0 ug RDA Males: 10 mg ? -TE Females: 8 mg ? -TE RDA Males: 80 ug Females: 65 ug WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B1 ThiamineDRI Males: 1. 2 mg Females: 1. 1 mg Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Vitamin B3 Niacin, nicotinic acid, niacinamide Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, other forms Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Biotin DRI Males: 1. 3 mg Females: 1. 1 mg DRI Males: 16 mg NE Females: 14 mg NE DRI Males: 5. 0 mg Females: 5. 0 mg DRI Males: 1. 3 mg Females: 1. 3 mg DRI Males: 2. 4 ug Females: 2. 4 ug DRI Males: 30 ug Females: 30 ug Helps metabolize carbohydrates, maintain appetite and normal digestion. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism. Supports normal appetite and nervous system function.Part of coenzymes used in energy metabolism, supports normal vision and skin health. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, supports health of skin, nervous system and digestive system. High (pharmacological) doses may help manage cholesterol. Part of Coenzyme A, which is used in energy metabolism Part of a coenzyme that helps the body synthesize nonessential amino acids. Significant role in protein metabolism. Part of coenzymes used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis.Found in many foods: whole grain cereals, legumes, beans, nuts, brewers yeast, wheat germ, pork, ham, and liver. Milk, yogurt, other dairy, meat, leafy greens, whole grains. Tuna, dairy, meat, whole grains, nuts and all protein containing foods. Widespread in foods. Green leafy vegetables, meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, legumes, fruits, whole grains. Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, cheese, milk). Widespread in foods.  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive ; Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Vitamins, Minerals and their Functions Table, Cont.Nutrient Folic acid Folate, folacin Vitamin C (ascorbic acid ) RDA or DRI DRI Males: 400 ug Females: 400 ug RDA Males: 60 mg Females: 60 mg Functions in the Body/Benefits Part of coenzymes used in new cell synthesis. Essential for blood cell formation, protein metabolism, and prevention of neural tube defects. Essential element in collagen formation (strengthens blood vessels, forms scar tissue, is a matrix for bone growth); an antioxidant; strengthens resistance to infections; and improves absorption of iron. Bone health, prevention of osteoporosis.The principal mineral of bones and teeth, also involved in normal muscle contraction (including heart muscle). An electrolyte that maintains normal fluid balance and proper acid-base balance, part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach. Associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose. Supports healthy bones, muscles, and blood vessels. Assists in iron absorption. Functions in the Body/Benefits Involved in the formation of bones and teeth. Essential component of thyro id hormones that regulate tissue growth and cell activity.Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries O2 in the body. Part of the protein myoglobin in muscle which makes O2 available for muscle contraction. Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery. Involved in bone mineralization, the building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscular contraction, and transmission of nerve impulses Involved in the formation of bone, as well as in enzymes involved in amino acid, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism. Important in a variety of enzyme systems.A principal mineral of the bones and teeth; part of every cell; maintains acid-base balance. Dietary Sources Green leafy vegetables, liver, fortified grain products, legumes and seeds. Abundant in most fresh fruits (esp. citrus) and vegetables. SELECTED MINERALS Boron Calcium NO RDA or DRI DRI Males: 1000 mg Females: 1000 mg No RDA or DRI Non-citrus fruits, leafy vegetables. Milk and milk produc ts, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, chard and legumes. Salt, soy sauce, moderate quantities in whole, unprocessed foods and large amounts in processed foods.Brewers yeast, unrefined whole grain cereals, fats, vegetable oils. Liver, legumes, nuts, seeds, raisins, whole grains, shellfish, shrimp. Dietary Sources Drinking water (if fluoridated) tea, seafood. Iodized salt, seafood, plants. Red meats, liver, poultry, fish, shellfish, beans, peas, dried fruit, eggs. Certain foods contain phytates, which may inhibit iron absorption. Chloride Chromium Copper Nutrient Fluoride Iodine Iron No RDA or DRI No RDA or DRI RDA or DRI DRI Males: 3. 8 mg Females: 3. 1 mg RDA Males: 150 ug Females: 150 ug RDA Males: 10 mg Females: 15 mgMagnesium DRI Males: 420 mg Females: 320 mg No RDA or DRI Nuts, legumes, whole grains, beans, green leafy vegetables, seafood, chocolate. Nuts, whole grain cereals, beans, rice, dried fruits, green leafy vegetables. Legumes, grains, organ meats. Abundant in all a nimal foods. Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus No RDA or DRI DRI Males: 700 mg Females: 700 mg  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† ERGOGENIC AIDS (from American Family Physician, March 2001)TABLE 3 Ergogenic Aids: A Summary of An Assessment of the Current Literature Research on ergogenic effects No benefits Mixed, some positive Ergogenic aid Alcohol Amphetamines Action Decreases anxiety Improve concentration, decrease fatigue and appetite Side effects Significant Significant, dangerous Legality Banned for shooting events Illegal Anabolic steroids Increase strength, Positive lean muscle mass and motivation Same as steroids Same as steroids Decrease muscle breakdown Limited, refutes Significant, dangerous Unknown Illegal Androstenediol Androstenedione AntioxidantsBanned by IOC Banned by IOC, NCAA Legal Legal Legal Refutes, no benefits Significant Mixed, no clear benefits No benefit Mixed, some positive benefits No bene fit Mild at high doses None at doses used Mild at high doses Mild Arginine, ornithine, Stimulate growth lysine hormone release Aspartates Increase free fatty acid use, sparing muscle glycogen Decreases pain with muscle fatigue and muscle breakdown Increases steroid production Increases strength and endurance Decrease anxiety Aspirin Legal Avena sativa Bee pollen Beta blockers Limited, refutes None LegalRefutes, no benefits Allergic reaction Legal Positive effect on Significant fine motor control, negative effect on aerobic capacity Mixed, no benefit from inhaled formulations Supports Mild Banned by IOC Beta2 agonists Increase lean muscle mass Increases aerobic capacity Banned by IOC, legal when prescribed Illegal Blood doping Significant, dangerous  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Boron Branched chain amino acids Caffeine Increases endogenous Refutes, no benefit Mild at high steroid production doses Decrease men tal fatigue Increases muscle contractility and aerobic ndurance, enhances fat metabolism Increases muscle contractility, enhances glycogen metabolism Increase endurance, decrease fatigue Increases fat metabolism Increases endurance Increases lean mass Mixed, negative Supports Mild at high doses Mild Legal Legal Legal to urine level of 12 to 15  µg per mL Calcium Refutes, no benefit Mild at high doses Legal Carbohydrates Carnitine Choline Chromium Supports Refutes Mixed, inconclusive Mild at high doses None None Legal Legal Legal Refutes, no benefit Safe to 400  µg Legal unless prior daily, potentially deficiency dangerous above this level None LegalChrysin Inhibits aromatase, Limited, refutes increases endogenous steroids Stimulates CNS, delays fatigue Mixed Cocaine Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) Coenzyme Q12 Significant, dangerous Illegal Legal Legal Delays fatigue, acts as Refutes, no benefit None antioxidant Increases aerobic capacity, speeds muscle repair Increases muscle energy, endurance, strength and lean muscle mass Refutes, no benefit None Creatine Supports, Mild insufficient data on long-term use Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Legal DHEAIncreases endogenous No benefit in steroid production healthy athletes Decrease body mass Limited benefit Banned by IOC, some other organizations Banned by IOC Illegal Diuretics Ephedrine, other sympathomimetics Stimulate CNS, No benefit increase energy, delay fatigue, stimulate weight loss Increases energy, Supports stimulates weight loss Increases aerobic capacity Supports (2004) Ephedrine plus caffeine Erythropoietin Potentially Banned by IOC, dangerous, fatal some other at high doses organizations Significant, dangerous Illegal  © Biscontini findLawrence. om  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Fat supplements Fluids Folic acid GHB Increase endurance Increase endurance Increases aerobic capacity Refutes Supports Refutes Mild Mild None Significan t, dose-related; abuse potential Legal Legal Legal Illegal Stimulates growth Limited, refutes hormone release and muscle growth Ginseng Increases endurance, Limited, refutes, no Mild, abuse enhances muscle benefit syndrome recovery reported Serves as NSAID Limited, may have alternative, enhances limited NSAID recovery abilities NoneLegal Glucosamine Legal Glutamine Boosts immunity and May boost None growth hormone immunity, no other levels benefits Improves hydration and endurance Same as caffeine Decreases muscle Limited, some breakdown, enhances strength benefits recovery Anabolic effect on muscle growth, increases fat metabolism Refutes, limited ergogenic benefits None Limited, supports Mild Legal Glycerol Guarana (herbal caffeine) HMB Legal (oral) Legal Human growth hormone Significant, dangerous Illegal InosineEnhances energy Refutes, no benefit Mild production, improves aerobic capacity Increases aerobic capacity No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mild, toxic at high dos es None Legal Iron Legal Leucine Decreases muscle Limited, no breakdown and spare ergogenic effect muscle glycogen stores Same as ephedrine Enhances muscle growth Decreases anxiety Increases energy, endurance and aerobic capacity, enhances recovery Increase endurance by suppressing pain, decrease anxiety No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Refutes, negative effect No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, negativeLegal Ma huang (herbal ephedrine) Magnesium Mild at high doses Significant, dangerous None at RDA, some toxicities at high doses Significant, dangerous Legal Marijuana Multivitamins Illegal Legal Narcotics Illegal  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Niacin Increases energy and No benefit unless a Mild at high endurance preexisting doses deficiency Increases aerobic capacity, enhances recovery Increase ATP production, energy and muscle endurance No benefit if given Mild before or after activity M ixed, negative Mild at high doses Legal OxygenLegal Phosphates Legal Phytosterols Stimulates release of Refutes, no benefit Little data, Legal endogenous steroids allergic reaction and growth hormone possible Optimizes muscular growth and repair Supports, increased None unless need for protein underlying with activity medical condition Supports, dietary None sources offer same benefit Limited research, benefit only in specific cases None Legal Protein Pycnogenol Boosts antioxidant levels, enhances recovery Increases lean body mass Legal Pyruvate Legal D-Ribose Selenium Increases cellular ATP No human and muscle power research None knownLegal Legal Enhances antioxidant Limited, no benefit Mild at high functions doses Supports Sodium bicarbonate Buffers lactic acid production, delays fatigue Strychnine Tribulus terrestris Unknown Mild, dangerous Legal at high doses Significant, dangerous Potentially dangerous at high doses Legal Legal No research on ergogenic benefits Increases endoge nous Refutes steroid production Decreases pain Mixed, no benefit perception, increases in trained athletes endurance Increases glycogen synthesis, enhances muscle recovery Tryptophan Mild, potentially Legal dangerous Legal Vanadyl sulfateRefutes, no benefit Mild in healthy individuals None Vitamin B 1 (thiamin) Enhances energy No benefit unless production, increases preexisting aerobic capacity, deficiency improves concentration Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) Increases aerobic endurance Enhances muscle growth, decreases anxiety No benefit unless preexisting deficiency No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Legal None Legal Mild at high doses Legal  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) Vitamin B 15 (dimethylglycine) Vitamin CEnhances muscle growth Increases muscle energy production Acts as antioxidant, increases aerobic capacity and energy production Acts as antioxida nt, improves aerobic capacity No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, negative None Legal None proven, but concerns raised Mild at high doses Legal No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, some positive Legal Vitamin E Mild Legal Yohimbine Zinc Increases endogenous Refutes, no benefit Mild steroid production Enhances muscle growth, increases aerobic capacity Limited, negative Mild Legal LegalIOC = International Olympic Committee; NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association; CNS = central nervous system; DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone; GHB = gamma-hydroxybutyrate; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; HMB = calcium beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate; RDA = recommended daily allowance; ATP = adenosine triphosphate.  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† If your lifestyle doesn’t control your meal plan, your diet will control your meal plan.. All References taken from American Dietetic Assoc iation Body Mass Index = weight (lbs. __( _____) height inches x height inches (____)2=_____ 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 40 + BMI very low risk low risk moderate risk high risk very high risk Nutr itional Ana lysis S heet x 705 = _______BMI Activity Range . 30-. 40- sedentary . 50-. 60-moderately active . 70-. 80-vigorously active . 90-athlete/instructor 1 Base Metabolic Rate = _______ (10 women, 11 men) Activity Calories = x ________ (body weight) = _______calories /day (maintenance basal metabolic rate/ MBMR) [. 30-1. 0] _______ range of activity] x _________ = _________calories (MBMR) (Activity Calories/AC)Daily Energy Expenditure = ________ + _________ = ___________calories (DEE) (MBMR) (AC) (DEE)  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Body weight = ________ Activity Level = CHO (carbohydrate s) DEE =________ Specific individualized calculations ?Low-Moderate ? Active/Athlete 55-60% 60-75% ( )g CHO ( )g CHO - 3g/lb 3-4. 5 g/lb. __x___ lbs = _______ __x___lbs = _______ 10-15% ( )g PRO -. 4g/lb ( )g PRO 25-30%

Movie review of Yentl

Movie review of Yentl MOVIE REVIEW: YENTLEveryone at one time or another has felt out of place. Feeling unsure of one's place in society is an experience that every young adult faces but deals with differently. Some rebel while others comply with whatever has been set out for them by society or their parents, or both. The role of the woman in society is forever changing. Where women were once obligated to stay in the home and dote on their husbands, they are now working in the same types of jobs as their husbands. What was typically the male role has been blurred and practically obliterated. Religious roles have followed society's lead in their evolution. For example, since its creation over five thousand years ago, the Jewish religion has evolved in some movements to involve women and men equally in ceremonies. The orthodox movement has always remained traditional in its belief that women have their place in the home, cooking and raising children, and serving their husbands.Barbra StreisandEducation rema ins the man's duty. The movie Yentl starring Barbara Streisand, shows this traditional belief through its plot, characterization, music, lights, camera angles, and symbolism.Set in Eastern Europe in 1904, Yentl captures the essence of the Jewish woman's eternal struggle. It is the story of a young girl, in love with learning but forbidden to do so by Jewish tradition. Upon her father's death, Yentl disguises herself as a boy to attend a yeshiva (religious school) and continue her studies. She befriends Avigdor, a male scholar at the yeshiva, and falls in love with him. Driven by her love for him, Yentl will do all that she can to ensure that he is near her and that her secret is not revealed. Yentl struggles with her secret until the day she can no longer...

Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Event Management - Essay Example It becomes significant for the event manager to consider the influences of an event all through implementing an effective planning process. Event impacts also capture the minds of the organisational members along with the policy makers for evaluating public expenditure on events and to assess any negative externalities (Damster & Tassiopoulos, 2006). The study related to event impacts have been arrived by the requirement to test the positive as well as negative influences of holding an event for the purpose of justifying public spending on events. The positive as well as negative influences can be observed at the time of conducting an event. The impact of event might be felt by numerous stakeholders along with the participants, local businesses as well as host community. There are different ways in which the event is likely to impact. The various areas upon which event are likely to impact include physical infrastructure, environmental, economic as well as tourism impacts, image enhancements and urban renewal. The inspirational power of any sporting event which further tends to be stimulated by media reach recommends the fact that they can be a useful tool in developing the interests of the people towards involvement in sports. It can be affirmed that the perception of an organiser relating to the socio-economic impacts of the f estivals along with other special events tends to possess four main domains such as economic benefits, community cohesiveness, social incentives as well as social costs (Gursoy & et. al., 2004). It can be revealed that the positive inflows of revenues into the country cannot be considered as the only factor towards recognising the success of an event. The negative social influence related to an event can lead to greater damages to the future of an event and the ecological influence might also lead towards premature death of any poorly administered event (Daniels & et. al., 2004). It can be identified that an

U.S. Intervention in Panama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. Intervention in Panama - Essay Example This of course is a tapestry of stories that was later on exposed, together with the hubris of a presidency that did not want to be humiliated. Manuel Noriega swiftly came to power after a series of effective endeavors that included among other things being a confidant of no less than the United States government. He had strong ties with the government by proving himself a worthy ally and asset during the tension between the US and the then equally powerful USSR. Throughout the feud, Noriega became a trusted source that his link to the country was directly through the Central Intelligence Agency that was headed by George H. W. Bush himself. Noriega came to power with his strong U.S. support after the death of Omar Torrijos which was just in time after he no longer has the superpower’s favour. Manuel Noriega remained included in the payroll of the agency and this very influence has led him to amass the confidence of many important people that apparently included drug dealers in lieu of their exportation transactions. He â€Å"was seen as a valuable "asset," as a ruthless man whose loyalty could be bought, who would do whatever was needed to serve U.S. interests† (Revcom.us). ... The Panama Canal serves as the gateway to a greater presence in South America and directly to Asia. Originally under the control of Colombia, the United States grabbed control in the early 1900s and established bases in it. After the Second World War the SOUTHCOM, responsible for intelligence and other schemes, created its epicenter there. Led by the tyrannical government of Noriega the suffering of the people Panama and especially of American residents was used to justify the need for his deposition. Among other things, â€Å"He was involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and the ruthless oppression of his people. He also systematically violated the American-Panamanian Canal treaties and harassed U.S. forces and institutions in Panama† (Gilboa, p.539). The media played an important role in the execution of Operation Just Cause as utilized advantageously by the Bush government and it was the same venue that candidly exposed the controversies of the issu e. It is by the very image of the president as a ‘wimp’ because of his inability to deal with the Panamanian dictator despite serious allegations of drug trafficking and other oppressions that further agitated George H.W. Bush’s presidency. The final thread that validated the Panama invasion and its popular acceptance was the death of a Marine Lieutenant which was depicted as a definitive demonstration of unprovoked oppression. But this claim was soon probed by the media such as the Los Angeles Times that exposed that the marine actually belonged to a rogue group whose primary function was to rouse trouble that will ultimately provoke the PDF. This group, called ‘Hard Chargers,’ systematically engaged in acts and stratagems that will agitate the Panama

Fifth Hour #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fifth Hour #3 - Essay Example What was critical at the point of grief is offering comfort, consolations and explanations. Sometimes the bereaved obsessively ruminate some events which led to the death or loss and ended up blaming themselves or other people for it. This may end up bringing major depressions to the bereaved especially those who were close to the deceased like husband or wife in the first few months. Hallucinatory experiences may also come up. Incase of complicated grief like unresolved, post- traumatic stress disorder (PSTD); some distinct treatment may be required to relief the person. What I thought was important subject of the event is the therapy offered to the bereaved. For instance, sometimes the bereaved had symptoms like intrusive thoughts and images of the deceased which led to painful yearning for the presence of the dead, denying the death, desperate loneliness, bitterness, and anger. In such cases, the bereaved told the story of the death from time to time and listened to tapes of the r ecitations. This aided the people to accept the death. The bereaved were also let to learn to confront thoughts and situations they have been avoiding. It was also important to evoke happy memories and uphold imaginary conversations with the bereaved under the guidance of a

Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution

Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution References Buker, H. (2011). Formation of self-control: Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime and beyond. Aggression and violent behaviour, 265-276. Gottfredson, M. G., Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. (1993). Commentary: Testing the general theory of crime. Journal of research in crime and deliquency, 47-54. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. R. (2000). In defense of self-control. Theoretical Criminology, 59-64. Macquarie. (2009). Macquarie Concise Dictionary . Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. Newburn, T. (2013). Criminology. Oxon: Routledge. Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution What is self-control and how do we apply it as a theory when referring to criminal activity? How do we use the theory of self-control to create appropriate reduction strategies for combatting criminal activity? The Macquarie Concise Dictionary defines self-control as ‘control of oneself and or ones actions, feelings, etc.’ (Macquarie, 2009) where as Hirschi Gottfredson refer to self-control as being a ‘concern for the long-term consequences of one’s acts’ (Hirschi Gottfredson, 2000). Are a person’s actions or their control of, predetermined through learned behaviours or is it merely a social â€Å"out† to state that a person has no control over their actions? That they should not be held responsible for behaviours not within their control? When does a person become responsible for their actions and can a person who has limited self-control take steps to become more self-controlled. At the age of eight years old a person is deemed to have from the ability to have self-control. At this age is would be more likely that they have learned this self-control from factors such a family structure and schooling. As maturity is a limited factor at such a young age, if a person has not formed the ability to self-control their own actions, it will be a ‘visible and stable issue as they grow older’ (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). Of those people whose self-control has formed it is often noted that they are more likely to resist temptation and are less impulsive, than those whose self-control has not yet formed. They are said to be able to rationalise and behave in what are deemed social norms on a regular and consistent basis. People with low or unformed self-control tend to be self-absorbed, egocentrically self-centred and bear no concern to what consequences their actions have on themselves or other people (Newburn, 2013). Generally speaking they are more likely to use prohibited drugs, engage in risky behaviour such as unprotected or unsafe sexual practices, consume alcohol to excess and are more likely to participate in criminal activity. It should be noted that there is a difference to lack of or low self-control and impulsiveness. Lack of self-control can in turn result is continual behaviour reoccurring due to a person creating an acceptable image within their mind that their actions are justified. Impulsiveness can be a one off event that is spurred on by a momentary thought process that may not ever occur again. But this does not mean that people with low self-control are criminals or that all criminals have low self-control. Like most crimes that are committed, there is an element of opportunity that needs to be present. Newburn makes mention that although it does not provide a long term benefit for the person, it can be stimulating, thrilling and is usually an unskilled act or it does not require any form of proper planning and execution (Newburn, 2013). Even with or without opportunity, most crimes need some form of planning to ensure that they are likely to succeed. In his article on the formation of self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime and beyond, Hasan Buker identifies factors such as Family Structure, Parental Practices, Education and Learning, Biological Factors, Social Structure and Religious Involvement that contribute to how a person’s self-control is formed (Buker, 2011). By examining these factors we can attempt to create positive approaches to interact with people who have committed criminal offences and try to rehabilitate them from reoffending. But can those people who have already had their self-control formed be rehabilitated? Or must we strike while the iron is hot during the younger years of a person’s life and ensure that they are being appropriately taught right from wrong? The primary factors that determine one’s self-control as outlined in the general theory of crime are family structure and diminished parental supervision and parenting practices. If this is the case then it must be said that the secondary influences for self-control formation are social structure, education and learning. Almost all of these factors occur before a person has hit the defined age of eight years old for self-control formation. If parents find it socially acceptable to use prohibited drugs, then a young impressionable mind may feel that it too is an acceptable practice and is more likely to experiment if they are offered prohibited drugs at a later stage in their life. If suitable supervision occurs, which includes setting up appropriate boundaries and expectations, during the early years of a person’s childhood, including the adolescent years, they are more likely to respond in a positive manner to those who have no set boundaries and expectations. With thi s in mind, if parents are behaving in what is deemed law abiding behaviour, and they supervise their children in the same manner, then it must be said that their children’s level of self-control and ability to resist temptation would be greater and they are less likely to behave in criminal activity to those children who are not supervised in the same manner. Buker also raises social structure in his article stating that this can also lead to diminished self-control in an individual. Lower socio economic neighbourhoods are often linked to poor family structure and parental supervision as well as adverse learning environments. In these areas due to limited parental supervision, parents may often fail to monitor adverse behaviour and discipline their children in a correct and an appropriate manner. (Buker, 2011).

Lynching and Native Americans :: Essays Papers

Lynching and Native Americans The first Spanish explorers in North America found the continent already inhabited. Native Americans had migrated throughout the western world for thousands of years. This migration came to an abrupt halt when Europeans took over and claimed this part of the world as their own. Though the Native Americans helped many Spanish and French colonists, whom they taught how to hunt, fish, and take care of themselves, these new â€Å"discoverers† still took the land, violated their hosts and began a frantic hunt for natural resources. By the seventeenth century in many of the early colonies, there were three times as many whites as Indians. This ratio increased steadily with the arrival of more and more Europeans. In his essay  ­Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬Å"Native Americans, New Voices: American Indian History, 1895 to 1995† R. David Edmunds writes: [I]n 1893, both the frontier and Indian people seemed to be part of the past†¦In 1890, the United States Bureau of the Census had reported that the frontier had vanished and that the Indian population had fallen to 248,253. Native Americans had played a major role in the history of the frontier, but the frontier was gone. For Turner and other historians, Indian people and their role in American history were also on the road to oblivion. (Edmunds 717) President Andrew Jackson created the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act gave territory, in what is now Oklahoma and Kansas, to Native Americans who would give up their â€Å"ancestral holdings†. This act guaranteed that the Indians could live on the new land as long as they wanted. Many refused to leave their homelands and these Native Americans stayed to fight a losing battle that usually ended in death and destruction. The Europeans eventually stripped the Native Americans of much of their lands. In their efforts to retrieve their land, Native Americans who fought back over time were subjected to numerous forms of violence, such as raping, scalping and lynching, among other acts. Nevertheless, groups such as the Lokota, Sioux and Cheyenne have historically and continue to fight European and white invasion and to organized movements and groups to this end. One such movement was the American Indian Movement (AIM) which reached it heights in the 1960s and 1970s. This movement had powerful men and women leaders. For example, a region activist in this movement was Anna Mae Pictou Aquash.

“Nature and the Physical World”

Most common attitudes and behaviors today on nature greatly evolved during the Romantic Era. Before, in some European countries, people don’t usually celebrate any occasion related to nature. But today’s society, because Romanticism evolved, it greatly affects our perspective and approach towards nature. When talking about nature in the Romantic Era, Rousseau is an important figure. He is the man who loves to be associated with nature. He would usually walk and explore nature related sites, climb mountains, and just simply communicate with nature. Rousseau is man of sensitivity, mood and even paranoia. In his time, he explored the agonies of love and the sentimental aspect of it. Love is the most popular feeling celebrated in the Romantic Era. This is known before as a relationship between two individuals and up to now; we use this as a common definition of Love. As we all know, when we encounter Romanticism, it reflects European society. Before, Europe is surrounded by tragic happenings, emotions not being expressed freely, and places where usually killings would take place. But now, it is safer, less hazardous, and even very much beautiful to explore. Mountains and forest or deep woods are no longer places to be afraid of. Instead these are places that are awesome to commune with nature and to be enjoyed and pondered on. Storms on the ocean are now being used as one of the most interesting subject on paintings, musical tones, poems, and writings. Before, things such as ocean storms, lightning, deep woods or mountain views are often being feared. No one would dare to draw closer to these things in fear of losing their lives. Another reason is the supernatural beliefs of people that these things were left unexplored. In the Romantic Era, romantics did not just arouse the sensitivity of emotions, but also it aroused the sensitivity to nature. People have come to realize that communicating with nature could improve one’s lifestyle and belief. Nowadays, people would explore nature and its wilderness, and they usually feel the overwhelming calmness and relaxation that it provides. It has proven that the shift in attitude towards nature is powerful and really can offer long-lasting serenity and positive perception within self. Another important figure during the romantic era is William Wordsworth. Romantic Era in poetry is centered with man’s relationship with nature and the fascination of man with Mother Earth. For Wordsworth, the definition of Romanticism is the passionate relationship towards nature and its wonder and wilderness. In his time, the word â€Å"pantheism† was stated. Because Wordsworth made to reflect his naturalistic attitude in his works, modern Pantheists described it now that God is called life of all, nature, earth and the universe. Pantheists have deep admiration and respect of all living things around us, even the forces outside the earth or in the universe. But Wordsworth did not focus mainly on these things. What he focused on is the appreciation and love for beauty and exquisiteness of Mother Earth and nature. Wordsworth, just like Rousseau, would often go for walks, exploring the beauty of life around us. He would also climb mountains and the most common is his paying attention to the things related to nature that an ordinary individual would often miss in his everyday life. What he often witnessed when he is outdoors, was the overall feeling of calmness and serenity in times of agony and loneliness. We could tell that the love, peace and comfort that Wordsworth is getting from nature is actually the feeling we get every time we call for God. In the Romantic Era, we could probably come across an identical observation, because during this time Industrialization is also emerging and became one of the most attended things by people. Probably, just like Wordsworth, people would also love to go out of the city and search for peace and quietness in one place; just like what Mother Nature provides. These things were what poetry is during these times and even up to now. People tend to find a place where they can relax and be away from all the hard works, materialism, and aristocracies. A place where they can celebrate life and enjoy living as a free individual. In Wordsworth time, nature as described to provide these things would not probably be accepted; for a reason that during these times Church controls almost everyone and everything. Maybe people have tried but it was not socially accepted and anyone who must have caught doing this was branded as deviating from what society’s norm is dictating. Rousseau and Wordsworth, as well as some other Romantic poets and figures, have only one inspiration; Mother Nature and all the living things surrounding us. The paintings, poems, pictures and writings done during these times will probably make us realize how important it is to be away, even for sometime in the materialistic world. These things will also be our heaven in seeking comfort, peace and calmness within ourselves. Jut like poets and figures in the Romantic Era, we will perceive nature as the only thing that will give us no worries no matter what we lose, no matter what the circumstance is. It is the only thing that others cannot get from us, because it will just stay within us; in our hearts and in our minds. References: http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Poetry/3389.htm   

Journalists can talk the economy up or down - Emphasis

Journalists can talk the economy up or down Journalists can talk the economy up or down The media should exercise caution when reporting the Euro crisis, researchers warn, as the language that journalists use seems to be affecting our economic fortunes. According to a new report from the Emphasis Research Centre, there is a strong link between consumer confidence and the use of the word recovery in the press. The study tracked the presss use of the word recovery (along with green shoots) during the recent recession and the months leading up to it. In doing so, researchers found that the use of the terms increased significantly even as the financial markets were still in freefall. From August to November, for example, the FTSE 100 fell an enormous 24 per cent. Yet references to recovery rose by 26 per cent in the same period. Meanwhile, just months after recession became official in January 2009, consumer confidence began to rise and continued to rise the more recovery appeared in the media. Crucially, however, consumer confidence lagged slightly behind the presss use of the word. The researchers suggest that the language used by the press may have helped buoy consumer confidence and therefore contributed to the UKs eventual climb out of recession. They also warn that the media itself could trigger the much-feared double-dip recession. Rob Ashton, Chief Executive of Emphasis, says this appears to support anecdotal claims that the press can talk the economy up or down, even if they do so unwittingly. It could be that merely repeating the word recovery, like a mantra, somehow seeped into the subconscious of both the public and the market, he explains. This may be an example of journalists influencing the news, as well as reporting it. The research project began as a positive alternative to The Economists R-word index, which tracks how often the word recession appears in The New York Times and Washington Post. Over the past two decades, the index has spotted major economic turning points, such as the start of recessions in America in 1981, 1990 and 2001. A copy of Recovery Watch is available from the Emphasis website at emphbootstrap.wpengine.com/resources/research-centre/ Ends Press enquiries For more information, please call Indigo Cow, Emphasis PR agency, on 01273 773516 or email info@indigocow.com Notes for editors 1. Recovery Watch tracked the number of articles containing the words recovery and green shoots in the UK broadsheets between January 2008 and May 2010 against the backdrop of market activity and intervention measures. These measures include the UK Governments stimulus package, announced in November 2008; the start of quantitative easing in March 2009; and the G20 summit leaders $1.1 trillion package to tackle the financial crisis in April 2009. While these other factors may have contributed to renewed faith in the future of the markets, similarities between the rise in newspaper references to recovery and the Nationwide Consumer Confidence Index appear significant. 2. Recovery Watch is the second research project published by the new Emphasis Research Centre. Launched in April 2010, the centre conducts research into language, communication and writing skills in the UK. 3. The Emphasis Research Centre is funded by Emphasis Training Ltd, which is the UKs leading business writing training organisation.

A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay Example

A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay Example A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay introduces the story; Lolita, or the Confession of a White Widowed Male,(Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 3) as written by a middle-aged European pedophile named Humbert Humbert. The essentials of this title immediately strike you as controversial considering that a lolita is a promiscuous young girl and a confession is an admission of ones sins. Hum is viewed as the victimizer by others, but views himself as the victim. He blames Lolita for his disposition, but also feels responsible for causing Lolita so much pain. How can a twelve-year-old girl have so much power over an adult? Who is the victim and who is the victimizer? In the following essay this topic of discussion will be examined thoroughly as we explore Humbert and his love interest, Lolita. The novel is written in first person narrative which creates a pragmatic depiction of Humbert; an obsessive, disillusioned and deviant character. He is full of contradictions and says I knew I had fallen in love with Lolita forever; but I also knew she would not be forever Lolita. (Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 7) which meant that he was conscious of the situation he was entering, however he made an excuse for himself to ease his conscious. In part one, you are taken back in time to Hums childhood where you are introduced to his Howell 2 childhood sweetheart, Annabelle. It then becomes evident that his obsession with Lolita started with Annabelle. He was hau nted by the memories of his lost love, therefore the only way to kill Hums pain was to incarnate Annabelle with another. Upon meeting Lolita, Humbert immediately recognizes the similarity between the two. Lolita was a fatal consequence of that princedom by the sea in my tortured past. (Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 11) Humbert becomes obsessed with Lolita, this obsession is displayed through his actions, behavior, dialect and need for total control. Humbert manipulates and controls Lolita, as well as others in the novel and even the reader, exhibited by directly addressing them as his jury. Humbert rationalizes with the reader about his obsession with Lolita, manipulating them into thinking he is mentally ill and does not know that his actions are wrong. This is precisely what his plan is; to get the readers to sympathize with him. Humbert starts his manipulation with Lolitas mother, Charlotte, who falls madly in love with him. He recognizes the opportunity to take advantage of Charlottes endearment for him and decides to trick Charlotte into thinking that he is in love with her and marries her to stay close with Lolita. However he does not succeed in doing this because Charlotte is jealous of the affection Lolita receives from Humbert. He successfully ridicules Charlotte for example, as a representative middle class american uffoon but he fails to see that her very inadequacines expose him as well. In some ways Charlotte is very much like Humbert. Charlottes hopeless passion for Humbert for example parallels Humbert for Lolita. Despite Humberts ridicule ,Charlottes romantic feelings are not so different from his, belying his claims that his ecstasies are special. (Wallace, Howell 3 4:2493-2494) Charlotte is very selfish, materialis tic and easily influenced by media. Charlotte Haze has her perceptions and her mode of expression shaped by soap operas, psychoanalysis and cheap novelettes. Humbert is familiar with the patterned experiences and cliched phraseology of these forms and is able to use his knowledge to deceive Charlotte. (Winston, 4:2487) As a writer, Humbert is able to use his literary skills to create Charlottes perfect romantic fantasy, enabling him to be intimate with Lolita without Charlotte noticing. Eventually Charlotte becomes jealous when the majority of Hums attention is directed to Lolita and sends her to summer camp, with proceeding plans to send her to boarding school when she returns home. When Charlotte reveals er plans, Humberts obsession with Lolita comes to an extreme when he considers killing Charlotte for the sole purpose of being next to Lolita. Ironically, Charlottes jealousy leads her to find out the truth of Humberts feelings towards Lolita and in an attempt to expose him for the pedophile he really is, it struck by a vehicle and killed.? Lolita is much like her mother in her fondness for Humbert. Her admiration for him is visible th roughout the book. For example, Lolita has various scribbling and doodles of the two of them together on the walls of her room and the cliched DL HH, enclosed in a heart, carved into her headboard. She also make her adoration evident by the affection she displays. She never leaves his side when they are together and is very flirtatious with him. When Humbert picks Lolita up from Summer Camp after her mothers death, Lolita informs Humbert that she had been unfaithful to him by experimenting sexually with a boy from camp. Lolita is seemingly mature for her age, and is referred to by Humbert as a nymphet. This allegation proves true by her promiscuity at camp Howell 4 and her vampish behavior. Humbert shares with us that he was not at fault in his relationship with Lolita and that it was her who seduced him. This could very easily be regarded as truth due to the path of action she takes. For example, in the Enchanted Hunters hotel room the morning after she returns from camp Lolita questions Humberts past relationships and asks him if he has ever had sex as a child. When he answers no, she proceeds to copulate with him. Humbert states that, for her, sex was just another activity between children, unconnected to what adults do behind closed doors. Lolita likes to play on Humberts emotions, she will intentionally tease him then push him away when he gets close. She often contradicts her actions by threatening to tell the police that Humbert raped her after having sex with him. Lolita constantly hurts Humbert with her indifference and rebuffs him when he pleads for her affection. Humbert often buys gifts for Lolita as an attempt to keep her interested in him. Humbert eventually comes to realize that his continual sexual activity with Lolita has given her an impression that attracts other men and boys. He ries to prevent Lolita from having any other interaction with the male species, and allows Lolita to interact with other girls her age and participate in select activities like horseback riding, tennis and theater in exchange for sexual favors. Humbert often bribes Lolita with money in exchange for intercourse. Humbert emphasizes to Lolita that if she turns him in for rape she will become a ward of the state and be enrolled in t he state-run reformatory school. His desire for Lolita is so strong that he neglects her feeling as a human being, keeping her just content enough to still want intercourse with him. Lolita is very deviant and is able to convince Humbert to take her away on a road trip to Howell 5 wherever she wants to go. He assumes that she just wants to be with him and agrees, little does he know that Lolita has planned to escape him and elope with another man. Lolitas theatrical experience makes it easy for her to deceive Humbert. He observes a man, which seemed to be following them on their journey, but dismisses it for a hallucination. Lolita had been in contact with the man the whole time her and Humbert were traveling. Lolita soon convinces Humbert that she is ill and is taken to a hospital. Humbert decides to stay in a motel close to the hospital, and when he returns to retrieve Lolita, he is informed that she had already been checked out by another relative. This whole plot Lolita had planned provides useful information about her character, taking on the assertion that she had manipulated Humbert into thinking that she was in love with him. Deceiving him so that he would not be suspicious of her other lover. This proves that Lolita was the more manipulative of the two in a romantic setting. Although Lolita had toyed with Hums emotions and pretended to love him, she could have suffered from adolescent bipolar disorder, but was never diagnosed with it. Lolita had almost all of the common symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder; marked irritability, frequent mood swings, impulsivity, restlessness, silliness, aggressive behavior, rages and explosive temper tantrums, oppositional behavior, grandiosity, hypersexuality, confusion, manipulative behavior, bossiness, lying, and depressed moods. While there is continuing debate over the validity of the diagnosis of mania in hildren, since 1994 a number of systematic clinical investigations and family/ genetic studies have begun to shed light on the presentation and naturalistic course of childhood-onset bipolar disorder, suggesting a developmentally different Howell 6 presentation in young children as compared to its adult form. Adult-onset and juvenile-onset forms of BPD have certain similar features and comorbidities in common, but in the juvenile form of the disorder, the complexities wrought by the frequent overlap of symptoms with other disorders that are far more commonly iagnosed in childhood has had a confounding affect on clinical diagnostic practice for years. (Papolos, Cockerham, Hennen) If she had had this disorder, it could explain why she had been back and fourth with Humbert. She was often irritated with him and often had mood swings after intercourse. Given this information about Lolita were true, it would be in irony that Humbert was suffering from an illness of the same type, trying to make the reader believe that he was indeed mentally ill. Some may think that Humberts relationship with Lolita would be the primary cause of her bipolar nature. However, Lolita displayed signs of adolescent bipolar disorder far before their first sexual encounter. In spite of Lolitas voiced desire for Humbert, Humbert should not have exploited Lolita either. He knew from the beginning that his feeling for her were wrong. Although pedophilia remains illegal, and our culture still considers it morally wrong, recent changes in the APAs own diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) have reopened the discussion of the psychological dimension of pedophilia. History of the Diagnosis. In the DSM-III, the American Psychiatric Association contended that merely acting upon ones rges toward children was considered sufficient to generate a diagnosis of pedophilia. (Rind) Howell 7 The years after Lolita left were spent being studied by psychologists in various sanitariums for not only the exploitation of young girls, but the Murder of Claire Quincy, Lolitas other Lover. Humbert would have then been labeled a pedophile and received medical help to cure him. However, he also exhibited severe skitzotypical behavior, therefore making it near impossible to diagnose him. He would purposely take on symptoms he did not have, make up illusions, and lie about dreams and thoughts he had, causing a falsified diagnostic. Instead of accepting that he had an illness, Humbert wanted to keep his and Lolitas affair sacred. He may have also had a personality complex which is exhibited in his paranoia and fits of rage, which would explain why he killed Quincey so violently. In conclusion, both Humbert and Lolita were possible victims of mental illness which would have caused them to behave out of the normal character. Each one abused the other, Humbert in pursuing and obsessing over Lolita and Lolita in encouraging Humberts desires for her and making him think that it was acceptable to do so. Humbert really did love Lolita, despite the relationships immorality and was extremely hurt when he had found out that Lolita left him for another man. Humbert is the hero with the tragic flaw. Humbert is every man who is driven by desire, wanting his Lolita so badly that it never occurs to him to consider her as a human being, or as anything but a dream-figment made fleshwhich is the eternal and universal nature of passion.

Holistic Medcine Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Holistic Medcine - Research Proposal Example While searching about the topic about my dissertation, naturally, the problem of childhood obesity kept popping up. This area in particular has been documented to be a health problem of epidemic proportions, with the incidence and prevalence both being on the rise. Moreover, all biomedical interventions despite being research based have failed to produce results in practice. The main problem detected is that of failure to instigate lifestyle behavior in terms of dietary energy intake and physical activity in the target population. What I felt was children spend most of their time in families, and thus the family macro environment shapes their behavior in other areas. What if an intervention designed on the principles of holistic clinical medicine implemented in families could be implemented, which would promote behavioral change This proposition seemed very interesting since, there is a need for a solution to the problem of childhood obesity due mainly to the facts that behaviors inc urred in childhood continue into adulthood, reduce health effects of obesity in the adulthood, may answer the unanswered questions in this area of practice, may fulfill the gaps in knowledge in this area where there is a great paucity of research making this topic unique, and may provide a guideline for management both to the holistic medicine and biomedical medicine. Moreover, this is an opportunity for me to be involved I research in my area of practice, where my learning on research methods may be implemented so I am able to investigate whether my personal belief that clinical holistic medicine at family levels may alter the current course of childhood obesity since the solution of this problem may lie in targeting pediatric population in order to modify these lifestyle behaviors that predispose to childhood obesity and its adverse effects. Why do you feel you can provide additional information on this topic From my studies, it is clear that inherent health risk behaviors in terms of dietary energy consumption and lack of physical activity in a regular fashion are the main reasons of childhood obesity, where sustained problem behaviors at the family levels potentiate the problem that are inadequately addressed by clinical biomedical interventions. Research studies in biomedical models in this topic are inadequate mainly due to knowledge gaps of the researchers on holistic health care principles. On the other hand, research on holistic healthcare is inadequate due mainly to paucity of knowledge in the principles of biomedical medicine and methodological deficiencies in research design. From my position as a holistic practitioner, I can utilize my knowledge of research methods and holistic health principles within the domain of biomedical knowledge of childhood obesity to have a research designed in this area which can successfully bridge the gap. In my opinion this original and unique top ic is nothing more than under researched where many gaps exist

Justifying the Japanese Internment Camps Term Paper

Justifying the Japanese Internment Camps - Term Paper Example This led to the decision of all the Japanese immigrants being relocated to internment camps. This move by the USA was justifiable, as it would help curb any violent acts from Japan, and enhance safety in USA. However, this was also considered as a prejudice toward Asians, since the same sanctions were not taken against immigrants of other rivals such as Germany, and therefore, this is unjustifiable (Welgny 23). This paper will use literature review to address this issue from two points of view, before taking a stand in the conclusion. The Japanese immigrants were put in internment camps not because they were guilty of crime, but because their country had become one of the USA’s enemies during the period of the Second World War. The USA therefore, considered these Japanese people in America as a threat to its national security. During this period, most Japanese people in America had occupied the area in the west coast of America. They worked hard to sustain their families. They had bought land, gotten an education, and had become citizens of America, who participated in voting during American elections. Problems rose after their country of origin attacked the USA. This had their land taken away from them, and them sent to internment camps, to avoid further attacks in the USA from Japan. ... In this order, there were the instructions about relocating close to 1110,000 American Japanese people to the ten internment camps that were available. When the Japanese were taken to the internment camps, they lost their rights as American citizens, as most of them were legally settled in America. This also separated them from the things and people they loved. The camps were fenced, with block arrangements inside. In each block, there were more than ten barracks, a recreational hall, and one mess hall. This also included car storage and repair area, canteens, hospitals, schools, a post office, a library, among others (Welgny 47). Apart from being alienated from the wider society, the Japanese Americans were exposed to many hardships in the internment camps. Since most of the camps were located in desert places, the Japanese people had difficulties dealing with the extreme unbearable temperatures in the camps. For instance, during summer periods, the temperatures could reach 100 degr ees and more. On the other hand, winter periods had extremely low temperatures, going as low as negative 30 degrees in some of the camps. Meals in these camps were served in meager portions. Most of the food was grown in the camps, including vegetables and fruits. In addition, the people bred livestock in the camps, which was also a source of food. Due to insufficient provision of healthcare in the camps, most Japanese people died when they got sick. The psychological stress that most of them were experiencing also contributed to the deaths of Japanese people in the camps. Aggressive military guards sometimes harassed the people, killing those who showed signs of resistance to their orders (Heinrichs 31).