Saturday, December 28, 2019
The Revenues Of Football Clubs Finance Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3645 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Although all accountants adopt the generally accepted accounting rules, each industry has its own characteristics. This is why analysts need specific knowledge about the industry so as to decide which set of accounting rules to apply to reflect the financial situation of the corporation best. And in the football industry, perhaps the main characteristics is the fluctuations in revenue and net income due to uncertainties in the industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Revenues Of Football Clubs Finance Essay" essay for you Create order A team can earn a huge amount of money in this year but it can find itself losing money in the next year. The uncertainties root from the uncertain results in the league games. The revenues of football clubs heavily depend on the performance of the team in the league. A simple example is that the football club which does well may have a higher revenue than its counterparts due to the elevated demand of the club-related merchandize. So, if the underlying principles that affect the teams revenue-generating factor can be identified, predicting the company performance will be much easier. This shall be discussed in the following by analyzing the annual reports from 2004-2007 of three football clubs, which are Arsenal Football Club, Liverpool Football Club and Tottenham Hotspur. (Notes: The annual report for the year 2007 of Liverpool is not yet released and therefore we use the statistics in 2004 instead. As said previously, since the financial performance fluctuates greatly, we ar e not going to estimate the figures in 2007.) Factors There are a number of factors that can affect the ability of a football team of generating revenues. First, it is known that a part of the operating income of a football club comes from the reward of winning a championship. For UK football clubs, they usually aim at advancing in the UEFA Cup or the even loftier UEFA Championship League, which have a relatively high value of prize money. They sometimes pay less attention to domestic competitions like Premier League, Carling Cup and FA Cup. Apart from the prize money, another important factor is the broadcasting revenue. This comes from the agreements signed between the clubs and the league or cup organizers. Each team in the league receives the broadcasting fee directly proportioned to the number of rounds they played. Therefore, a team in the league usually receives the same share of broadcasting revenues. Yet, for the cup competitions where the knock-out system is adopted, a team which makes a deeper run has more matches to play and hence more broadcasting revenues. It also attracts a larger audience to watch the broadcast, thereby benefiting the club. Also, the revenue gained from the gate receipts is also crucial. Similar to the TV broadcasting fees, the better the team performs, the higher the revenue the team gets from the ticket sales, partly due to the brand name effect, which boosts the ticket sales. The above four factors shall be discussed in the upcoming section of Team Results. Secondly, the sales of team-related merchandize items can also be a major source of income. This highly depends on the size of fan-base. A larger fan-base has a higher demand in the club merchandize, which boosts the operating income. Clubs tend to invest to enlarge its fan-base, which is often described as a marketing strategy as found in the annual reports. A larger fan-base also enhances the brand name of the football club, which can also be a potential benefit for the football club itself. This shall be discussed in the Fan Base section. Thirdly, a team who is able to control the payroll of independent players better enjoys a greater fiscal freedom due to the stricter cost control, which can be beneficial to the football club. Plus, if a team can efficiently deal with the sum involving trading player, the team places itself to a sound financial position. These factors shall be discussed in the section Payroll and Trading of Players. Last but not least, the administr ation and policy of the directors influence the sustainability of the club a lot. For instance, the decision of building a new stadium, investing in training facilities or simply renovating their headquarters do play a significant role in the long-term development of the club. Only if the leaders of the club are of visions can they lead the club to adapt to the environmental changes and to survive from different challenges. This shall be discussed in the Team Strategies part. Team Results Net Sales 2004          2005          2006         Average Arsenal             156887        138395        137237   144173 Liverpool             91576         121054        119499       110710 Tottenham             66324         70550         74141        70338 Net Income                      2004             2005             2006             Average Arsenal             8152             8293             7902             8115.667 Liverpool            -18220             7533             -4257            -4981.33 Tottenham            -2692             4104             -1575            -54.3333 As mentioned before, a teams success in leagues and cups definitely has a great impact on the teams profitability. In particular, European competitions, mainly UEFA Championship League and UEFA Cup, are of the utmost importance to the UK football clubs due to the lucrative bonuses and broadcasting fees. Successes in European competitions also imply a higher visibility and global exposure which help a club capture more fans. It is found that there is sound evidence to draw a positive relationship between the successes of the football clubs to the revenues therefore generate. Both Arsenal and Liverpool were competing in UEFA Championships League in the past few years and Tottenham was only competing in the lower-level UEFA Cup. This explains the huge disparity between the revenue of Arsenal and Liverpool and that of Tottenham. For Tottenham, they also had a break-out last season, which is entering the quarter-final of UEFA Cup. It leads to a boost in revenue from pound;74 mil lion to pound;103 million. However, before that, its revenue never exceeds pound;100 million which makes the club inferior against the other 2 clubs. For Liverpool, its revenue ranges from pound;92 million to 121 million in 2004-2006. In particular, Liverpool won the UEFA Championships League in 2005 leading to the exceptionally high turnover of pound;121 million and net income of pound;7.53 million this year. Yet, in both 2004 and 2006, the club suffers from a great loss which probably due to its early exit in the UEFA Championships League. For Arsenal, its revenue exhibits stability over the past 4 years, especially from 2004 to 2006, where its revenue ranges from pound;137 million to pound;157 million. In 2007, however, there is a sudden increase in its revenue, due to the increase of sales of gate receipts in the new stadium (which shall be discussed later in the Team Strategies section). They also earn a positive net income all over the four years which cannot be achieved by the other two clubs. From 2004 to 2006, both revenue and net income of Arsenal are higher than that of Liverpool, even though Liverpool won the UEFA championships League in 2005. This is accomplished by the stable results in the domestic Premier League. Arsenal won the league in 2003/2004 seasons, finished the second and fourth respectively in the next two seasons while Liverpool havent won the Premier League since 1989/1990. In this season, Arsenal leads the Premier League and has secured a place in the UEFA Championships League First knock-out round while Liverpool faces elimination in the UEFA championships League group stage and is in the 5th place of Premier League. Tottenham is in the 13th place and hence is only competing in UEFA Cup only. We could conclude that Arsenal is now the best-performing team in this season among the three. In addition, the average age of first-team squad of Arsenal is roughly 23, which is much younger than that of Liverpool and Tott enham, which is around 26 and 27. In the foreseeable future, when Arsenal players matures in the next few years, we expect that Arsenal will display high level of football and have a rather bright future and so as their overall team results. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Arsenals revenue and net income will only continue to rise steadily in the next few years. And for Liverpool and Tottenham, both clubs have a large and sole reliance on European competitions; failure in these competitions could undoubtedly drag down their ability to generate income. All in all, Tottenham still has a long way to catch up with Arsenal and Liverpool while Arsenal seems to have a better on-court and financial performance than Liverpool. In terms of that, Arsenal is the best amongst all. Fan Base Another major source of revenue is the sales revenue of football kits, souvenirs and other team-related merchandize. This kind of revenue is mainly determined by the fan base of the football club. Usually, the broader the fan-base, the higher the demand of the merchandize, so as the revenue. Therefore the football clubs are more than willing to invest much in extending its fan base. Mechandize Revenue                      2004             2005             2006             Average Arsenal               6885             8389             10218             8497.333 Liverpool             11701           12312            16322             13445 Tottenham             4381             4739             5182             4767.3 33 Among the three football clubs that we are comparing, apparently both Arsenal and Liverpool football club enjoy a broader fan-base than Tottenham Hotspur due to their more glorious history. For example Liverpool has won Premier League for 18 times, a record for English clubs. It also won European Championship League for five times. Nevertheless, Arsenal won the Premier League for 13 times, especially in 2003/2004 season they remained unbeaten for the whole season which may be so incredible that can never be paralleled in the future. All these marvelous results help the team capture die-hard fans. This guarantees the steady, and fortunately increasing, sales of merchandize. Despite the fact that Tottenham also has a long history (125 years at 2007), their incapability in winning the Premier League for years and failures in European competitions limit their reputation and hence their fan-base. This explains why the sales revenue of Tottenham is much lower than that of the other two clubs. Therefore, it is found that Liverpool and Arsenal have overwhelming revenue from merchandize against Tottenham. From the reports, the average merchandize revenue of Tottenham (pound;4.8 million) is roughly a half of that of Arsenal (pound;8.5 million) and Liverpool (pound;10.1 million) only during 2004-2006. On the other hand, apart from the Arsenal football club, both Liverpool and Tottenham do explicitly recognize the potential of foreign markets and therefore state they would extend their markets in the annual reports. Liverpool focuses in extending their fan base in Asia. They have done so by doing promotions in Asia, for instance, they visit and play several friendly matches in different Asian cities in the past few years. For instance, there was a match resulting in 4-1 victory against Hong Kong team in 2006, which created a craze for Liverpool at that time in Hong Kong. And for Tottenham Hotspur, its main focus is on South Africa market. They not only organized a pre-season tour to South Africa, but also supported South African bid to host the 2010 World Cup. They, too, undertook a few social responsibility visits in the tour. As a result, the clubs successfully set up extensive association with South Africa. It also attempted to create strong bonds with the mass media. For example, it recently announced their partnership with SuperSport United, a Premier Football League team owned by SuperSport, which is one of the largest sports broadcasters with broadcast channels to 57 countries. The club-media bonds highly enhance the visibility of the club to its potential fans, thereby capturing more fans. Another key factor that affects the fan base is the presence of charismatic football stars in the team. The movements of popular football celebrities highly affect the size of fan base of a football team. It is not rare that some fans grow interest into particular charismatic players themselves instead of the football club itself . This dependency factor has increased risk for the club as when some players refuse to extend their contracts with the club, the club may lose some of their fans. Therefore to guarantee the sustainability of a club, it tends to sign a longer contract period with the players. Take David Beckham as an example, he was traded to Real Madrid of Spain from Manchester United of England at a cost of â‚ ¬35 million (roughly pound;25 million) in 2003. The Real Madrid club has received an almost immediate growth in its fan base and therefore has quickly earned enough revenue that can cover the transaction cost by merely the sales of Beckhams kits. In general, signing of football stars does help raise their image and stimulate their sales revenue. It usually provides immediate yet short-term spark to the team. At the end, it also comes to the team performance to both attract and retain fans in the long run to maintain a sustainable growth and development. For Arsenal, the most popu lar star is undoubtedly Thierry Henry but unfortunately he has left the team to join FC Barcelona. Though there are other rising stars in the team like Cesc Febregas, Theo Walcott and Van Persie who not only help the team to achieve excellent result but also help attracting more people to watch the teams matches, the leaving of Thierry Henry is hardly be compensated. For Liverpool, thanks to their charismatic captain Steven Gerrard and skillful striker Fernando Torres, the team is gaining more and more support from all over the world. And their effort and explore made in Asian market will only further boost their popularity. In comparison with Liverpool and Arsenal, Tottenham obviously lack some trademark football stars. This pays an important role into the poor economic performance of the club. As a short conclusion, Liverpools effort in exploring new market in Asia is obviously does help the club earn a handsome amount of merchandizing revenue. And due to the departure of Thierry Henry, it probably affects the merchandizing revenue of Arsenal and size of fan-base in the forthcoming seasons. So in term of fan-base, Liverpool does have a slight advantage over Arsenal whereas Tottenham is in the last place again. Payroll and Trading of Players Another key stakeholder in determining the performance of a club is the trading of player. Signing a top player not only helps a team by having a strong member in the team in order to remain competitive, but also creates a positive brand name effect to the team. Yet one must not neglect the fact that it may also create severe financial burdens to the club once over-contracting players (diseconomies of scale). For example, Leeds who once entered the semi-final of UEFA Championship League is currently playing in the Football League only, which is two levels lower than the Premier League. The main reason for its failure is its over-expansion. It used to aim at qualifying for the European Championships League and therefore allocated a generous amount of fund for signing top-class players. Its investments were financed by borrowing but sadly they failed to enter the UEFA Championship League. As a result, it was forced to sell its players at a cheap price because it didnt have enough cash to repay the debt and the players payrolls. Thats a good example to illustrate the importance of cost controlling. Liquidity and liability must be considered too. Cash Ratio                     2004             2005             2006             Average Arsenal             0.25             0.66791           0.21227           0.376727 Liverpool            0.00452           0.0104            0.00623           0.00705 Tottenham            0.351             0.824             0.473             0.549333 Financial Leverage Ratio                     2004             2005             2006             Average Arsenal             2.546             3.3265           4.96             3.610833 Liverpool            3.13             3.26             3.6             3.33 Tottenham            1.7786            1.696            2.465             1.979867 Considering their cash ratio, both Arsenal and Tottenham are acceptable, with a ratio of 0.38 and 0.55 respectively. But Liverpools ratio is a low 0.007 only which is an evidence of its risky situation. It has to seek ways to either increase their cash or reduce their current liabilities. For the financial leverage ratio, Arsenals ratio is 3.61 which is a bit high since Arsenal finances its construction of new stadium mainly by loans. But the club has put in considerable effort to reorganizations of loans by issuing bonds of fixed interest rate. This stabilizes the clubs finance. Liverpools ratio is a little lower at 3.33. Tottenhams ratio is probably the best, with 1.98 which make its plan of building a new stadium possible. These shall be discussed in the upcoming Team Strategies section. But it should be noted that signing of players does not actually affect the net income as the cost of player registration is amortized. So only when players are traded to other clubs, the revenue is affected and either a gain or loss will be recorded. This particularly concerns with the teams ability to sell players at prices higher than their net book values. Profit on disposal of player registrations                     2004             2005             2006             Average Arsenal              2282             2894             19150             8108.667 Liverpool            415             10559             6216             5730 Tottenham           -381             5632             12299             5850 This time, Arsena l seems to be the best businessman, earning an average of pound;8.1 million during 2004-2006, much higher than that of Liverpool and Tottenham, which are pound;5.7 million and pound;5.9 million during 2004-2006 respectively. This probably should be credited to Arsenals manager Arsene Wenger. He is long well-known for transforming average players into top-class players. He signs young players with hot prospect at a low cost and develops them into top-class players. For example, Theirry Henry was signed at a cost of pound;10 million but sold at a price of pound;16 million, a 60%-increase in his value. In addition, in the last season, both Arsenal and Tottenham recorded an unbelievably high profit on disposal of player registrations, pound;18.5 and pound;18.7 million respectively due to sale of Arsenal striker Thierry Henry and Tottenham midfielder Michael Carrick. Even though the annual report of Liverpool in the last year has yet been disclosed, we dont expect a such high level of profit on disposal of player registrations. Apart from the trading of players, controlling the payroll of players can effectively raise the level of net income as payroll solely takes up for more than 40% of the clubs total revenue. The rising of payroll in the Barclays Premier League has called for concern for all football clubs, not only the three clubs that we are comparing. For example, there are more and more players who earn more than pound;100,000 per week like Rooney, Christiano Ronaldo and Jason Terry. Among all, the player with highest payroll is Michael Ballack, who earns pound;130,000 per week. This highly reduces the profit margin of the clubs and may therefore trigger a vicious cycle of increasing the payrolls of the players. Ratio of payroll/net sales                    2004             2005             2006             Average Arsenal              0.39086731        0.4090177         0.5022625         0.4340492 Liverpool             0.53166769        0.4708312         0.5084059         0.5036349 Tottenham             0.46171823        0.418781          0.4886095         0.4563696 For these 3 teams, payroll represents 43.4% of Arsenal net sales, 50.4% of Liverpool net sales and 45.6% of Tottenham net sales during 2004-2006. It seems that Arsenal is doing a good job but in fact their ratios have been rising consistently from 39.0% to 50.2% from 2004 to 2006, which is an alarm to the club. They should have paid more attention and efforts to the payroll. For Liverpool, its payroll occupied nearly half of its revenue which is not a good sign at all implying inefficient management. They should be more active in cutting down unnecessary players. For Tottenham, they are doing a pretty good job. Their payroll has never exceeded 50% of their total revenue. However, this season they has just fired their manager Martin Jol and paid quite a huge sum of compensation. An addition of new players like Darren Bent in this season may also create new financial burdens to the club. To summarize, all clubs didnt have big liquidity problem but Arsenal is able to generate the most amount of revenue from profit on disposal of player registrations though there are some concerns a bout its increasing payroll. Still, Arsenal is advantageous in these aspects due to Liverpool even-worse control on payroll. Despite so, Tottenham can catch up with Arsenal soon if they continue to exert stricter control on payroll and generate income from disposal of player registrations. Team Strategies Decisions and policies of the teams also play an important role in determining the teams economic performance. For Arsenal, they insist to re-invest profits and surplus cash into team development, including signing and retaining best players in the team, improving training facilities, medical treatments and youth academy. This may reduce net income level but it surely ensures the sustainability of the club. Moreover, Arsenals new stadium Emirates Stadium has just completed last year, with a great capacity of 60,355 seats, 22,000 more than the old one. This significantly increases the sales of the gate receipts of the team, leading to an increase of revenue from pound;137.2 million in 2006 to pound;200.8 million in 2007. Specifically, the revenue from the gate receipt nearly doubled from pound;42 million to nearly pound;90 million. Tottenham also plans to build a new stadium which could be a good news to the fans but it could also create financial pressure to the club. They ma inly finance the establishment of new stadium by loan. They have to limit the budget for signing players carefully in the next few years implying probable drop in the team competitiveness. Liverpool sees the need of reducing payroll. They therefore wait for surplus players to see out their contracts. But this measure is a little passive. All in all, team strategies take time to take effect. We cant conclude which clubs have the best strategies at this early stage. But we do value Arsenals approach to re-invest their retained earnings as this certainly ensures the long-term development of the club. And Tottenhams attempt to build a new stadium may limit its short-term development but would greatly increase its gate receipts and therefore its net income. On the contrary, Liverpool seems to lack some long-term development plan which could greatly harm their competitiveness in the future. Conclusion On the whole, Arsenal has possibly the best team performance in recent years and future too. It also has the highest profit from disposal of player registrations and ranks second in the both payroll and fan base. It has vision that support sustainability of the club. On top of that, the most impressive thing about Arsenal is its stability over the time period. It exhibits stability in various ratios. It greatly reduce and fluctuation and therefore risks for potential investors. It generates stable yet generous and increasing amount of net income. On the contrary, both Liverpool and Tottenham have a net loss in some years. For investors, Arsenal is certainly a club which worth our attention for holding its stocks in a long term.
Friday, December 20, 2019
Essay about The Life and Works of Ezra Jack Keats
After a four week survey of a multitude of children’s book authors and illustrators, and learning to analyze their works and the methods used to make them effective literary pieces for children, it is certainly appropriate to apply these new skills to evaluate a single author’s works. Specifically, this paper focuses on the life and works of Ezra Jack Keats, a writer and illustrator of books for children who single handedly expanded the point of view of the genre to include the experiences of multicultural children with his Caldecott Award winning book â€Å"Snowy Day.†The creation of Peter as a character is ground breaking in and of itself, but after reading the text the reader is driven to wonder why â€Å"Peter†was created. Was he a vehicle for†¦show more content†¦Keats’ father Benjamin worked as a waiter at a coffee shop in Greenwich Village and was therefore all too familiar with the struggle to make a better life for you and your f amily. Although he had a great appreciation for Keats’ work, he discouraged him from making it a career for fear that his son would not be able to support himself. On one occasion he went so far  ¬Ã‚ ¬ to purchase tubes of oil paint and then gave them to Keats under the false pretense that a starving artist had traded them for a bowl of soup. Fortunately for future readers of his works, Jack was not deterred from his passion for art. When Keats graduated from high school he was awarded the senior class medal for excellence in art. In a cruel twist of fate, his father Benjamin died of a heart attack the day before he was set to receive the award. Although his father never saw Jack receive the award, he learned of his support when asked to identify his father’s body. As he checked his father’s wallet after his death he found several preserved article clippings of all of his achievements. His father was proud of Keats and his work and remained a supporter until h is last breath. With three scholarships to art schools already awarded to Keats, he made what many might see as one of the hardest choices of his life. He chose to work during the day to help support his family and take art classes in the evenings when he had the opportunity. It was thenShow MoreRelatedWhere The Wild Things Are By Maurice Sendak2262 Words  | 10 Pageshave. The illustrations help to follow along and it has a fun concept of trying to find the mouse on every page. 5. The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein is a wise and lovely story of the tree that gives her all for love is also a wonderful tale about life transforming the boy that played on her branches to an old man that sits on her stump. Children can t resist coming away from this book with a deeper understanding of human nature, of reciprocity, of a parent s love for a child and the nature of
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Information Technology Effective Operationsâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com
Question: Discuss About The Information Technology Effective Operations? Answer: Introduction This report helps to make critical analysis of the managerial decisions in the field of systems and technology at StayTogether which is a group of ten hotel chains who have decided to combat the pressure of the market for low priced hotel accommodation and be competitive in the hotel industry. The hospitality industry primarily consists of three main areas. One of them is accommodation that includes hotels, bed and breakfasts and several other lodging businesses. The hotel industry is booming in spite of certain untoward situations like global recession and enhancing customer satisfaction and better customer service. Since the name of the hotel is new to the customers after the merging of the ten hotels, there has been a great challenge of the new hotel chain and the problem that the company may face is the establishment of the brand in the market. The most important issue that needs to be addressed is the complexity that may arise in the company after merging. The report makes a det ailed discussion about the various possible ways by which the hotel chain can gain competitive advantage. Discussion The hotel industry is much broader than any other industry (Riley, 2014). There are certain factors that the hotels must take into consideration. One of them is satisfaction of the customers. This factor is very common in every industry but the hospitality industry significantly focuses on this aspect since any lack of it may lead to loss of customers. This business is entirely based on providing luxury services to the customers with the lowest possible charge. Customers use the hotels for relaxing and removing any kind of troubles at the lowest possible fare. This industry has a very high competition as there is lot of hotels coming up with new types of services (McManus, 2013). Another aspect that defines the success of the hotels is their theme. This is not mandatorily used by all the hotels in the industry but this is used by many hotels to attract the customers as a part of their strategy. The management of StayTogether have taken certain management decisions in order to stay competitive in the market. They are loyalty programs, rebates to the customers, performing corporate social responsibility activities like charity donations to increase their brand image and also free buffet breakfast and dinner. The company should make use of the loyalty program that will help the guests to earn some points (Steinhoff Palmatier, 2016). These points will help them to make redemption and eligible for free stays and also discounts. People will be available to save a lot of money and these needs to be properly communicated to the customers. The choice of the loyalty programs rely on some significant factors that the customers should take into considerations. They are the number of hotel chains that the company is having in different parts which means that bigger the chain, more the options for the customers with respect to redemption, the benefits which are very important for the cu stomers, the range of the rooms in the hotel and lastly the countries the customers will be travelling. Since the high-end luxury hotel chains do not include the loyalty programs, StayTogether must make proper use of these programs. The features of the programs may be such that the customers will receive complimentary internet facilities with high speed. There can be spa treatments also. Sometimes the hotels make arrangements for free buffet breakfast and dinner. The hotels can unveil their new items in this buffet so that the customers are able to know their new dishes. Corporate social responsibility is another important tool through which StayTogether can increase its brand image among the customers by performing the philanthropic activities. Since the brand is a new one in the chain of hotels because of the mergers, the company should take care of the fact that the name of their hotel is known to most of the people in the market. Rebates allow a person to access the hotel servic e at a cheaper rate. Impact of technology in hotel industry Technology has a major impact on the hospitality industry for its expansion worldwide (Page, 2014). The preferences of the customers are changing every day and it is technology that helps the hotels to keep their information updated. The certain factors that technology takes into consideration are discussed below. Mobility It is an important aspect that helps a traveler during its course of traveling. Now smartphones are used by a larger section of the people as they can access a lot of applications. Apps have helped the travelers in making their journey easier (Dickinson, et al., 2014). The hotel has the opportunity to make proper utilization of apps of their company and it has practically become evident in the current business scenario. Business process integration This factor is also considered as a significant factor in the hospitality industry. The hotels are not only restricted to greeting the guests but help them in providing various facilities like flexible ticket booking system, hotel booking system, spa and gym facilities. Proper utilization of technology makes the hotel services more compliant and enhances flexibility (Tseng, 2015). Social The various social sites like Facebook and Twitter are used by a lot of people worldwide (Semaan, 2014). The hotel chain can use the sites to keep in touch with a large section of people of the society. Personalization Personalized service becomes an important essence of the hotel industry. It helps in welcoming the guests by shoeing greeting messages in the TV when they come in the hotel (Piccoli, Lui Grn, 2017). Wishing the customers on their birthdays, who have earlier visited the hotel, can be another way of enhancing the level of customer service. Property management system The property management system is hotels is an integrated system that creates a link between the the front desk processes and all other vital operations of the hotel that includes the in-room services, electricity usage, telephones etc (Skolling, 2015). Software as a Service/ cloud Cloud technology has become very fascinating in the technological world (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2016). This technology helps the hotels to solve the queries of the customers and also management of data regarding the visitors. Every hotel needs to deal with huge data about the customers. This data remains safe and secured over the cloud and it has been an encrypted platform. This platform is very huge and will be essential for the hotel chain which has been a merger of a number of hotels. Difference between IS and IT issues There are certain issues like technology compatibility issues, data conversion issues, legal issues regarding patented technologies, scalability issues and user interface issues. The hotel, for reducing the cost of the company, may have plans to replace the employees with machines. In that case the employees of the hotels who were working in the different hotels before merging, may lose their jobs. Since the brand is new after merging of all the ten hotels, at first it will be difficult to survive in the market where the competition is very fierce. The user interface issues may be the accessibility of the hotels by the customers (Ozturk, 2016). Though GIS is used to help many decision makers, special decision support system can be designed to address the geographically explicit problems. If the user interface is not friendly in the hotel industry, then the customers will shift to other hotels. Recommendations The company should first create a new website with its new name so that new customers are able to know about the new chain of hotels. The website should have a classic look and with all the necessary details about their products and services. It must also contain up-to-date information about any recent activities and offers. This will help the visitors to know the rates of the rooms and any other facilities like spa, internet facilities and access to gym. The visitors should be given the liberty to write reviews about the services of the hotel and critically analyze the negative ones. The hotel chain should make a specific target market for its business and not attract all types of customers. The employees of StayTogether can directly talk with the customers through e-mails or through their websites. They can make proper utilization of the popular social sites like Twitter and Facebook. The management should hire competent employees in the position of leaders so that a good culture is maintained in the hotel. The employees of the hotel should be empowered to make valuable decisions about solving any problems in different situations (Luoh, Tsaur Tang, 2014). The management of the hotel must also look into the customer relationship management. It can also make use of the self-service kiosks by which the hotel can be benefitted through increased customer service, reduction in the costs of staffing and better resource utilization. The company can take the advantage of the advanced technologies for the betterment of their services to the customers. StayTogether should train their staff properly so that the customers are greeted in a better way. The hotel can successfully use the CRM or the customer relationship management as it is having a lot of benefits. The CRM system enables systematic collection as well as fragmentation of the information with regards to the customers (Heinemann, 2016). This helps in the creation of a huge repository. The databases required for the potential customers are well handled with the effective usage of CRM systems (Peppers Rogers, 2016). For example, the staffs at the front desk will be able to look at the booking of a single visitor across all their locations. CRM also helps in the information scrutiny of the customers (Rodriguez, Ajjan Peterson, 2014). The employees in the hotel industry need to deal with a lot of information every day. Although it is done with the help of technology, but the CRM system plays a crucial part in maintaining a central repository. CRM also assists in the successful execution of elevating the conversion rates and also converting the first time guests into loyal ones. The proper distinctions between the transactional and potential customers can also being made with the help of this management system. Another criteria can be the right focus. The significant solutions regarding customer interactions are being put forward by the CRM functions. CRM also helps to combat the competition. This management tools can help the hotel management to maintain a consistency in their quality service and incorporating some innovations. CRM also raises the efficiencies of the employees through the automation systems (Wei, 2016). This, in turn, eliminates the non-core tasks. Automation systems make the sales and marketing, promotional activities and advertising much faster. CRM can also help the sales and marketing team of a hotel to leverage the CRM solutions in creation of mobile, social media and web campaigns (Turban,Strauss Lai, 2016). This tool assists the hotel management in paying close attention towards the customers. The CRM software even helps the management in formulating future strategies as to how they can enhance the quality of their service (Strauss, 2016). Importance of Supply chain management Supply chain management is as important as customer relationship management and assists a company in various ways. This management tool can help a hotel in managing the material costs of the company (Christopher, 2016). Material ordering costs and inventory holding costs are the two important factors that can be effectively reduced by proper supply chain management processes. The supply chain management activities have several advantages such as supporting the operating requirements, manage all the operations affectively, achieve the organizational goals, development of the supply strategies, proper selection of the supply and purchase of the products from the right place with right specification, right quality and on the right time. SCM further helps in the execution of the commodity analysis. Conclusion The report has described the ways through which a new chain of hotels after merging, has made several managerial decisions as to how to attract new customers and make them loyal in the market of high competition. It has also helped to gain an insight into the current scenario of the hotel industry. Many of the ways by which the hotel can create a good brand image and provide better service to the customers have been recommended here. It has been inferred that customer relationship management and supply chain management have enormous effects on the effective operational activities of a hotel. The managers of the hotels will be benefited by the application of information systems. The discussion about the management decisions shall give an idea as to how the aforementioned hotel can attract the customers in an effective way. The report has given importance to the information technology to create its brand image and brand loyalty. References Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Dickinson, J. E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., Norgate, S. (2014). Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain.Current Issues in Tourism,17(1), 84-101. Heinemann, F. (2016). Driving Performance with Programmatic CRM. InProgrammatic Advertising(pp. 243-254). Springer International Publishing. Luoh, H. F., Tsaur, S. H., Tang, Y. Y. (2014). Empowering employees: job standardization and innovative behavior.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(7), 1100-1117. McManus, L. (2013). Customer accounting and marketing performance measures in the hotel industry: Evidence from Australia.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 140-152. Ozturk, A. B., Bilgihan, A., Nusair, K., Okumus, F. (2016). What keeps the mobile hotel booking users loyal? Investigating the roles of self-efficacy, compatibility, perceived ease of use, and perceived convenience.International Journal of Information Management,36(6), 1350-1359. Page, S. J. (2014).Tourism management. Routledge. Peppers, D., Rogers, M. (2016).Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley Sons. Piccoli, G., Lui, T. W., Grn, B. (2017). The impact of IT-enabled customer service systems on service personalization, customer service perceptions, and hotel performance.Tourism Management,59, 349-362 Riley, M. (2014).Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry. Routledge. Rittinghouse, J. W., Ransome, J. F. (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Rodriguez, M., Ajjan, H., Peterson, R. M. (2014). CRM/social media technology: impact on customer orientation process and organizational sales performance.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,8(1), 85. Semaan, B. C., Robertson, S. P., Douglas, S., Maruyama, M. (2014). Social media supporting political deliberation across multiple public spheres: towards depolarization. InProceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 1409-1421). ACM. Skolling, J., Sderstrm, V., Sandqvist, D., Edvinsson, M., Lejonqvist, A., Norborg, F., Danielsson, L. (2015). Creating the Contemporary Property Management System of Tomorrow. Steinhoff, L., Palmatier, R. W. (2016). Understanding loyalty program effectiveness: managing target and bystander effects.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,44(1), 88-107. Strauss, J. (2016).E-marketing. Routledge. Tseng, M. L., Lin, Y. H., Lim, M. K., Teehankee, B. L. (2015). Using a hybrid method to evaluate service innovation in the hotel industry.Applied Soft Computing,28, 411-421. Turban, E., Strauss, J., Lai, L. (2016). Social Customer Service and CRM. InSocial Commerce(pp. 155-178). Springer International Publishing. Wei, S. U. (2016). Design Research of the Insurance Business Management System Facing Mobile Terminals.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Eluded Socialist Allusions Within Steinbeck free essay sample
# 8217 ; s Grapes Of Wrath Essay, Research Paper Imagine wake uping to the first beams of morning, happening yourself lying on a tatterdemalion bit of unlifelike beneath a main road flyover. Your empty tummy churns with numbing hungriness and you know today will be yet another listless scuffle for endurance. Homeless, jobless, and hungry, you glare with ardent green-eyed monster at those clothed, groomed, and grandiloquent passerbies hold oning their bags and billfolds tightly when they catch sight of you. Ashamed and enraged, you feel cheated and inquire how it is possible for such fiscal diverseness to be within the same metropolis. You pitifully shore up yourself against a wall on a busy street corner and await the forenoon hotfoot hr that will provide your meager breakfast. The utmost poorness experienced by the unfortunate husbandmans who were forced into vagrancy during the Great Depression is non unlike the privation that exists in American ghettos today. Such widespread destitution is a direct consequence of an unequal economic system. Through narratives of incapacitated households # 8217 ; trial, Steinbeck and Kotlowitz unwrap the defects of the capitalist system in The Grapes of Wrath and There Are No Children Here, meanwhile touching to an alternate economic construction: socialism. Throughout the novels, disadvantaged households become incapacitated victims of the deficiency of effectual authorities assistance in their country, an inauspicious consequence of utmost capitalist economy. The Chicago Housing Authority really hired # 8220 ; private security guards [ who ] searched out the homesteaders and physically removed them # 8221 ; ( Kotlowitz 79 ) . By kicking homeless people back out on the street, this authorities outfit in cold blood disregarded the basic human demand of shelter in order to continue their right to the creaky belongings of the Henry Horner Homes. Such self-interested processs are frequent and permitted through the capitalist thoughts of personal belongings ownership. The # 8220 ; salesmen, neat, lifelessly, [ with ] little, captive eyes watching for failing # 8221 ; depicted in an intercalary chapter are model members of those who abuse the system ( Steinbeck 83 ) . These criminals, illustrations of illimitable capitalist economy fueled by selfishness and greed, are able to feed on the vulnerable migrators because the mandating power set no limitations against such unfair monopoly. Similarly, the force that denigrates childhood in There Are No Children Here could be prevented if the authorities enforced Torahs against such ferociousness. Unfortunately, roseola and illegal pack concern is transacted with impunity in the Henry Horner Homes country daily because no 1 bothers to modulate illicit activity. Another illustration of maltreatment ignored by the governing power is when # 8220 ; the bank told [ the landholders ] . . . # 8216 ; You # 8217 ; re paying 30 cents an hr. You # 8217 ; d better cut it down to twenty five # 8217 ; # 8221 ; instantly followed by # 8220 ; # 8216 ; You traveling to necessitate the usual sum for harvest loan next twelvemonth? # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Steinbeck 402 ) . No influen tial force intervenes because the use is viewed as an application of a capitalist tenet, â€Å"the jurisprudence of supply and demand.†Consequently, the Bankss continue to profit from the forced ill-treatment of the hard up nomads. Because the capitalist government advocates the benefit of the person, non the common province, underprivileged people’s demands are frequently ignored. The writers allude to socialism when their despairing characters, enveloped in indigence, congregate to guarantee that all basic demands are met. When a newborn Oakie babe # 8220 ; got worms. . . an # 8217 ; he died. . . from non acquiring # 8217 ; good things to eat, # 8221 ; the compassion of the community shined despite the calamity as # 8220 ; a small pile of Ag grew # 8221 ; in forepart of the parents # 8217 ; collapsible shelter, therefore supplying a nice entombment for the babe ( Steinbeck 326 ) . Likewise, when LaJoe # 8217 ; s welfare benefits are cut off, # 8220 ; one of her sisters gave her $ 65 worth of nutrient casts [ and ] Rochelle supplied her with some nutrient # 8221 ; ( Kotlowitz 101 ) . Her household and friends # 8220 ; were non much better off than she # 8221 ; ; they sacrificed to supply plenty for her household # 8217 ; s endurance ( Kotlowitz 101 ) . Even though poorness was omnipresent, the altruistic generousness of people in these two epochs prevails. In the thick of want, households and neighbours adhered to the humanist construct of sharing as a agency for common endurance. The benevolence of one person can besides impact the well being of an full society. Out of goodness, Craig Davis would dee-jay illumination dance parties on the porch of the Horner complex that gave the occupants # 8220 ; some of the most self-generated and spirited merriment they had of all time had at Horner # 8221 ; ( Kotlowitz 123 ) . He entirely provided enjoyment to the people # 8217 ; s black lives. Rose of Sharon, after digesting the migration from place, the flight of her hubby, and the decease of her unborn kid, puts aside these sufferings and unabashedly offers a ravenous adult male the milk from her chest. Despite her old modestness and overpowering problems, Rose gives portion of herself to salvage another. The writers include scenes that show selflessness and the characters # 8217 ; concern for the common good, cardinal facets of ideal socialism, to demo that in the defects of capitalist economy, despairing people open their Black Marias to socialist inclinations. The usage of guiltless people as victims of cold capitalist economy and ignorant boosters of the rules of socialism proves effectual in both novels. Neither Steinbeck nor Kotlowitz straight oppose capitalist economy and advocate socialism in their narratives, but instead discretely show the two ideals to act upon the reader # 8217 ; s ideas about each system. Both writers are cognizant that non all readers will hold with malign towards capitalist economy. Steinbeck even displays small Ruthie # 8217 ; s love of personal belongings: when she was instructed to portion the # 8220 ; geranium gone wild # 8221 ; with her brother, she # 8220 ; felt how the merriment was gone # 8221 ; because she wanted the flower for herself merely ( Steinbeck 616 ) .
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Nutrition Handout Essay Example
Nutrition Handout Essay The nutrient and energy standards known as the RDA are currently being revised. The new recommendations are called Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The following chart provides the most updated goals for nutrient intake available for males and females between 31 50. For information about other ages, or special populations such as pregnancy or lactation, please go to www. nal. usda. gov.Nutrient FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Retinol, beta-carotene and various other carotenoids RDA or DRI RDA Males: 1000 ug RE Females: 800 UG RE Functions in the Body/Benefits Helps maintain good vision (necessary for night vision), resistance to infections, and supports growth and repair of body tissues. Also maintains integrity of white and red blood cells, assists in immune reactions, helps maintain the stability of cell membranes. Member of a large and cooperative bone-making and bone maintenance team. Regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus for bone health.Fat-soluble antioxidant. Helps ma intain cell membranes, red blood cell integrity, protects vitamin A and fatty acids from oxidation. Helps make factors that promote blood clotting. Dietary Sources Milk, eggs, meat, fish liver oils. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids are found in: Green leafy vegetables kale, spinach, broccoli, collard greens, parsley, turnip greens, escarole. Yellow vegetables carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash, pumpkin. Yellow and orange fruits mango, cantaloupe, papaya, and apricots. Formed in skin when exposed to sunlight.Also found in dairy products, egg yolk, fish liver oils, tuna, mackerel, herring, sardines, oysters, yeast. Found primarily in plant oils, green, leafy vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, egg yolk, nuts, seeds, and liver. Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract. Diet generally supplies remaining need. Green, leafy vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables and milk. Vitamin D Cholecal-ciferol, ergocalciferol Vitamin E Tocopherol, Tocotrienols Vitamin K DRI Males: 5. 0 ug F emales: 5. 0 ug RDA Males: 10 mg ? -TE Females: 8 mg ? -TE RDA Males: 80 ug Females: 65 ug WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B1 ThiamineDRI Males: 1. 2 mg Females: 1. 1 mg Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Vitamin B3 Niacin, nicotinic acid, niacinamide Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, other forms Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Biotin DRI Males: 1. 3 mg Females: 1. 1 mg DRI Males: 16 mg NE Females: 14 mg NE DRI Males: 5. 0 mg Females: 5. 0 mg DRI Males: 1. 3 mg Females: 1. 3 mg DRI Males: 2. 4 ug Females: 2. 4 ug DRI Males: 30 ug Females: 30 ug Helps metabolize carbohydrates, maintain appetite and normal digestion. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism. Supports normal appetite and nervous system function.Part of coenzymes used in energy metabolism, supports normal vision and skin health. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, supports health of skin, nervous system and digestive system. High (pharmacological) doses may help manage cholesterol. Part of Coenzyme A, which is used in energy metabolism Part of a coenzyme that helps the body synthesize nonessential amino acids. Significant role in protein metabolism. Part of coenzymes used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis.Found in many foods: whole grain cereals, legumes, beans, nuts, brewers yeast, wheat germ, pork, ham, and liver. Milk, yogurt, other dairy, meat, leafy greens, whole grains. Tuna, dairy, meat, whole grains, nuts and all protein containing foods. Widespread in foods. Green leafy vegetables, meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, legumes, fruits, whole grains. Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, cheese, milk). Widespread in foods.  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive ; Well: Millennium Nutrition,†Vitamins, Minerals and their Functions Table, Cont.Nutrient Folic acid Folate, folacin Vitamin C (ascorbic acid ) RDA or DRI DRI Males: 400 ug Females: 400 ug RDA Males: 60 mg Females: 60 mg Functions in the Body/Benefits Part of coenzymes used in new cell synthesis. Essential for blood cell formation, protein metabolism, and prevention of neural tube defects. Essential element in collagen formation (strengthens blood vessels, forms scar tissue, is a matrix for bone growth); an antioxidant; strengthens resistance to infections; and improves absorption of iron. Bone health, prevention of osteoporosis.The principal mineral of bones and teeth, also involved in normal muscle contraction (including heart muscle). An electrolyte that maintains normal fluid balance and proper acid-base balance, part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach. Associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose. Supports healthy bones, muscles, and blood vessels. Assists in iron absorption. Functions in the Body/Benefits Involved in the formation of bones and teeth. Essential component of thyro id hormones that regulate tissue growth and cell activity.Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries O2 in the body. Part of the protein myoglobin in muscle which makes O2 available for muscle contraction. Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery. Involved in bone mineralization, the building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscular contraction, and transmission of nerve impulses Involved in the formation of bone, as well as in enzymes involved in amino acid, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism. Important in a variety of enzyme systems.A principal mineral of the bones and teeth; part of every cell; maintains acid-base balance. Dietary Sources Green leafy vegetables, liver, fortified grain products, legumes and seeds. Abundant in most fresh fruits (esp. citrus) and vegetables. SELECTED MINERALS Boron Calcium NO RDA or DRI DRI Males: 1000 mg Females: 1000 mg No RDA or DRI Non-citrus fruits, leafy vegetables. Milk and milk produc ts, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, chard and legumes. Salt, soy sauce, moderate quantities in whole, unprocessed foods and large amounts in processed foods.Brewers yeast, unrefined whole grain cereals, fats, vegetable oils. Liver, legumes, nuts, seeds, raisins, whole grains, shellfish, shrimp. Dietary Sources Drinking water (if fluoridated) tea, seafood. Iodized salt, seafood, plants. Red meats, liver, poultry, fish, shellfish, beans, peas, dried fruit, eggs. Certain foods contain phytates, which may inhibit iron absorption. Chloride Chromium Copper Nutrient Fluoride Iodine Iron No RDA or DRI No RDA or DRI RDA or DRI DRI Males: 3. 8 mg Females: 3. 1 mg RDA Males: 150 ug Females: 150 ug RDA Males: 10 mg Females: 15 mgMagnesium DRI Males: 420 mg Females: 320 mg No RDA or DRI Nuts, legumes, whole grains, beans, green leafy vegetables, seafood, chocolate. Nuts, whole grain cereals, beans, rice, dried fruits, green leafy vegetables. Legumes, grains, organ meats. Abundant in all a nimal foods. Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus No RDA or DRI DRI Males: 700 mg Females: 700 mg  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†ERGOGENIC AIDS (from American Family Physician, March 2001)TABLE 3 Ergogenic Aids: A Summary of An Assessment of the Current Literature Research on ergogenic effects No benefits Mixed, some positive Ergogenic aid Alcohol Amphetamines Action Decreases anxiety Improve concentration, decrease fatigue and appetite Side effects Significant Significant, dangerous Legality Banned for shooting events Illegal Anabolic steroids Increase strength, Positive lean muscle mass and motivation Same as steroids Same as steroids Decrease muscle breakdown Limited, refutes Significant, dangerous Unknown Illegal Androstenediol Androstenedione AntioxidantsBanned by IOC Banned by IOC, NCAA Legal Legal Legal Refutes, no benefits Significant Mixed, no clear benefits No benefit Mixed, some positive benefits No bene fit Mild at high doses None at doses used Mild at high doses Mild Arginine, ornithine, Stimulate growth lysine hormone release Aspartates Increase free fatty acid use, sparing muscle glycogen Decreases pain with muscle fatigue and muscle breakdown Increases steroid production Increases strength and endurance Decrease anxiety Aspirin Legal Avena sativa Bee pollen Beta blockers Limited, refutes None LegalRefutes, no benefits Allergic reaction Legal Positive effect on Significant fine motor control, negative effect on aerobic capacity Mixed, no benefit from inhaled formulations Supports Mild Banned by IOC Beta2 agonists Increase lean muscle mass Increases aerobic capacity Banned by IOC, legal when prescribed Illegal Blood doping Significant, dangerous  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†Boron Branched chain amino acids Caffeine Increases endogenous Refutes, no benefit Mild at high steroid production doses Decrease men tal fatigue Increases muscle contractility and aerobic ndurance, enhances fat metabolism Increases muscle contractility, enhances glycogen metabolism Increase endurance, decrease fatigue Increases fat metabolism Increases endurance Increases lean mass Mixed, negative Supports Mild at high doses Mild Legal Legal Legal to urine level of 12 to 15  µg per mL Calcium Refutes, no benefit Mild at high doses Legal Carbohydrates Carnitine Choline Chromium Supports Refutes Mixed, inconclusive Mild at high doses None None Legal Legal Legal Refutes, no benefit Safe to 400  µg Legal unless prior daily, potentially deficiency dangerous above this level None LegalChrysin Inhibits aromatase, Limited, refutes increases endogenous steroids Stimulates CNS, delays fatigue Mixed Cocaine Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) Coenzyme Q12 Significant, dangerous Illegal Legal Legal Delays fatigue, acts as Refutes, no benefit None antioxidant Increases aerobic capacity, speeds muscle repair Increases muscle energy, endurance, strength and lean muscle mass Refutes, no benefit None Creatine Supports, Mild insufficient data on long-term use Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Legal DHEAIncreases endogenous No benefit in steroid production healthy athletes Decrease body mass Limited benefit Banned by IOC, some other organizations Banned by IOC Illegal Diuretics Ephedrine, other sympathomimetics Stimulate CNS, No benefit increase energy, delay fatigue, stimulate weight loss Increases energy, Supports stimulates weight loss Increases aerobic capacity Supports (2004) Ephedrine plus caffeine Erythropoietin Potentially Banned by IOC, dangerous, fatal some other at high doses organizations Significant, dangerous Illegal  © Biscontini findLawrence. om  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†Fat supplements Fluids Folic acid GHB Increase endurance Increase endurance Increases aerobic capacity Refutes Supports Refutes Mild Mild None Significan t, dose-related; abuse potential Legal Legal Legal Illegal Stimulates growth Limited, refutes hormone release and muscle growth Ginseng Increases endurance, Limited, refutes, no Mild, abuse enhances muscle benefit syndrome recovery reported Serves as NSAID Limited, may have alternative, enhances limited NSAID recovery abilities NoneLegal Glucosamine Legal Glutamine Boosts immunity and May boost None growth hormone immunity, no other levels benefits Improves hydration and endurance Same as caffeine Decreases muscle Limited, some breakdown, enhances strength benefits recovery Anabolic effect on muscle growth, increases fat metabolism Refutes, limited ergogenic benefits None Limited, supports Mild Legal Glycerol Guarana (herbal caffeine) HMB Legal (oral) Legal Human growth hormone Significant, dangerous Illegal InosineEnhances energy Refutes, no benefit Mild production, improves aerobic capacity Increases aerobic capacity No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mild, toxic at high dos es None Legal Iron Legal Leucine Decreases muscle Limited, no breakdown and spare ergogenic effect muscle glycogen stores Same as ephedrine Enhances muscle growth Decreases anxiety Increases energy, endurance and aerobic capacity, enhances recovery Increase endurance by suppressing pain, decrease anxiety No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Refutes, negative effect No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, negativeLegal Ma huang (herbal ephedrine) Magnesium Mild at high doses Significant, dangerous None at RDA, some toxicities at high doses Significant, dangerous Legal Marijuana Multivitamins Illegal Legal Narcotics Illegal  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†Niacin Increases energy and No benefit unless a Mild at high endurance preexisting doses deficiency Increases aerobic capacity, enhances recovery Increase ATP production, energy and muscle endurance No benefit if given Mild before or after activity M ixed, negative Mild at high doses Legal OxygenLegal Phosphates Legal Phytosterols Stimulates release of Refutes, no benefit Little data, Legal endogenous steroids allergic reaction and growth hormone possible Optimizes muscular growth and repair Supports, increased None unless need for protein underlying with activity medical condition Supports, dietary None sources offer same benefit Limited research, benefit only in specific cases None Legal Protein Pycnogenol Boosts antioxidant levels, enhances recovery Increases lean body mass Legal Pyruvate Legal D-Ribose Selenium Increases cellular ATP No human and muscle power research None knownLegal Legal Enhances antioxidant Limited, no benefit Mild at high functions doses Supports Sodium bicarbonate Buffers lactic acid production, delays fatigue Strychnine Tribulus terrestris Unknown Mild, dangerous Legal at high doses Significant, dangerous Potentially dangerous at high doses Legal Legal No research on ergogenic benefits Increases endoge nous Refutes steroid production Decreases pain Mixed, no benefit perception, increases in trained athletes endurance Increases glycogen synthesis, enhances muscle recovery Tryptophan Mild, potentially Legal dangerous Legal Vanadyl sulfateRefutes, no benefit Mild in healthy individuals None Vitamin B 1 (thiamin) Enhances energy No benefit unless production, increases preexisting aerobic capacity, deficiency improves concentration Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) Increases aerobic endurance Enhances muscle growth, decreases anxiety No benefit unless preexisting deficiency No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Legal None Legal Mild at high doses Legal  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) Vitamin B 15 (dimethylglycine) Vitamin CEnhances muscle growth Increases muscle energy production Acts as antioxidant, increases aerobic capacity and energy production Acts as antioxida nt, improves aerobic capacity No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, negative None Legal None proven, but concerns raised Mild at high doses Legal No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, some positive Legal Vitamin E Mild Legal Yohimbine Zinc Increases endogenous Refutes, no benefit Mild steroid production Enhances muscle growth, increases aerobic capacity Limited, negative Mild Legal LegalIOC = International Olympic Committee; NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association; CNS = central nervous system; DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone; GHB = gamma-hydroxybutyrate; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; HMB = calcium beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate; RDA = recommended daily allowance; ATP = adenosine triphosphate.  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†If your lifestyle doesn’t control your meal plan, your diet will control your meal plan.. All References taken from American Dietetic Assoc iation Body Mass Index = weight (lbs. __( _____) height inches x height inches (____)2=_____ 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 40 + BMI very low risk low risk moderate risk high risk very high risk Nutr itional Ana lysis S heet x 705 = _______BMI Activity Range . 30-. 40- sedentary . 50-. 60-moderately active . 70-. 80-vigorously active . 90-athlete/instructor 1 Base Metabolic Rate = _______ (10 women, 11 men) Activity Calories = x ________ (body weight) = _______calories /day (maintenance basal metabolic rate/ MBMR) [. 30-1. 0] _______ range of activity] x _________ = _________calories (MBMR) (Activity Calories/AC)Daily Energy Expenditure = ________ + _________ = ___________calories (DEE) (MBMR) (AC) (DEE)  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,†Body weight = ________ Activity Level = CHO (carbohydrate s) DEE =________ Specific individualized calculations ?Low-Moderate ? Active/Athlete 55-60% 60-75% ( )g CHO ( )g CHO - 3g/lb 3-4. 5 g/lb. __x___ lbs = _______ __x___lbs = _______ 10-15% ( )g PRO -. 4g/lb ( )g PRO 25-30%
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Movie review of Yentl
Movie review of Yentl MOVIE REVIEW: YENTLEveryone at one time or another has felt out of place. Feeling unsure of one's place in society is an experience that every young adult faces but deals with differently. Some rebel while others comply with whatever has been set out for them by society or their parents, or both. The role of the woman in society is forever changing. Where women were once obligated to stay in the home and dote on their husbands, they are now working in the same types of jobs as their husbands. What was typically the male role has been blurred and practically obliterated. Religious roles have followed society's lead in their evolution. For example, since its creation over five thousand years ago, the Jewish religion has evolved in some movements to involve women and men equally in ceremonies. The orthodox movement has always remained traditional in its belief that women have their place in the home, cooking and raising children, and serving their husbands.Barbra StreisandEducation rema ins the man's duty. The movie Yentl starring Barbara Streisand, shows this traditional belief through its plot, characterization, music, lights, camera angles, and symbolism.Set in Eastern Europe in 1904, Yentl captures the essence of the Jewish woman's eternal struggle. It is the story of a young girl, in love with learning but forbidden to do so by Jewish tradition. Upon her father's death, Yentl disguises herself as a boy to attend a yeshiva (religious school) and continue her studies. She befriends Avigdor, a male scholar at the yeshiva, and falls in love with him. Driven by her love for him, Yentl will do all that she can to ensure that he is near her and that her secret is not revealed. Yentl struggles with her secret until the day she can no longer...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1
Event Management - Essay Example It becomes significant for the event manager to consider the influences of an event all through implementing an effective planning process. Event impacts also capture the minds of the organisational members along with the policy makers for evaluating public expenditure on events and to assess any negative externalities (Damster & Tassiopoulos, 2006). The study related to event impacts have been arrived by the requirement to test the positive as well as negative influences of holding an event for the purpose of justifying public spending on events. The positive as well as negative influences can be observed at the time of conducting an event. The impact of event might be felt by numerous stakeholders along with the participants, local businesses as well as host community. There are different ways in which the event is likely to impact. The various areas upon which event are likely to impact include physical infrastructure, environmental, economic as well as tourism impacts, image enhancements and urban renewal. The inspirational power of any sporting event which further tends to be stimulated by media reach recommends the fact that they can be a useful tool in developing the interests of the people towards involvement in sports. It can be affirmed that the perception of an organiser relating to the socio-economic impacts of the f estivals along with other special events tends to possess four main domains such as economic benefits, community cohesiveness, social incentives as well as social costs (Gursoy & et. al., 2004). It can be revealed that the positive inflows of revenues into the country cannot be considered as the only factor towards recognising the success of an event. The negative social influence related to an event can lead to greater damages to the future of an event and the ecological influence might also lead towards premature death of any poorly administered event (Daniels & et. al., 2004). It can be identified that an
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
U.S. Intervention in Panama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
U.S. Intervention in Panama - Essay Example This of course is a tapestry of stories that was later on exposed, together with the hubris of a presidency that did not want to be humiliated. Manuel Noriega swiftly came to power after a series of effective endeavors that included among other things being a confidant of no less than the United States government. He had strong ties with the government by proving himself a worthy ally and asset during the tension between the US and the then equally powerful USSR. Throughout the feud, Noriega became a trusted source that his link to the country was directly through the Central Intelligence Agency that was headed by George H. W. Bush himself. Noriega came to power with his strong U.S. support after the death of Omar Torrijos which was just in time after he no longer has the superpower’s favour. Manuel Noriega remained included in the payroll of the agency and this very influence has led him to amass the confidence of many important people that apparently included drug dealers in lieu of their exportation transactions. He â€Å"was seen as a valuable "asset," as a ruthless man whose loyalty could be bought, who would do whatever was needed to serve U.S. interests†(Revcom.us). ... The Panama Canal serves as the gateway to a greater presence in South America and directly to Asia. Originally under the control of Colombia, the United States grabbed control in the early 1900s and established bases in it. After the Second World War the SOUTHCOM, responsible for intelligence and other schemes, created its epicenter there. Led by the tyrannical government of Noriega the suffering of the people Panama and especially of American residents was used to justify the need for his deposition. Among other things, â€Å"He was involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and the ruthless oppression of his people. He also systematically violated the American-Panamanian Canal treaties and harassed U.S. forces and institutions in Panama†(Gilboa, p.539). The media played an important role in the execution of Operation Just Cause as utilized advantageously by the Bush government and it was the same venue that candidly exposed the controversies of the issu e. It is by the very image of the president as a ‘wimp’ because of his inability to deal with the Panamanian dictator despite serious allegations of drug trafficking and other oppressions that further agitated George H.W. Bush’s presidency. The final thread that validated the Panama invasion and its popular acceptance was the death of a Marine Lieutenant which was depicted as a definitive demonstration of unprovoked oppression. But this claim was soon probed by the media such as the Los Angeles Times that exposed that the marine actually belonged to a rogue group whose primary function was to rouse trouble that will ultimately provoke the PDF. This group, called ‘Hard Chargers,’ systematically engaged in acts and stratagems that will agitate the Panama
Monday, November 18, 2019
Fifth Hour #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Fifth Hour #3 - Essay Example What was critical at the point of grief is offering comfort, consolations and explanations. Sometimes the bereaved obsessively ruminate some events which led to the death or loss and ended up blaming themselves or other people for it. This may end up bringing major depressions to the bereaved especially those who were close to the deceased like husband or wife in the first few months. Hallucinatory experiences may also come up. Incase of complicated grief like unresolved, post- traumatic stress disorder (PSTD); some distinct treatment may be required to relief the person. What I thought was important subject of the event is the therapy offered to the bereaved. For instance, sometimes the bereaved had symptoms like intrusive thoughts and images of the deceased which led to painful yearning for the presence of the dead, denying the death, desperate loneliness, bitterness, and anger. In such cases, the bereaved told the story of the death from time to time and listened to tapes of the r ecitations. This aided the people to accept the death. The bereaved were also let to learn to confront thoughts and situations they have been avoiding. It was also important to evoke happy memories and uphold imaginary conversations with the bereaved under the guidance of a
Friday, November 15, 2019
Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution
Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution References Buker, H. (2011). Formation of self-control: Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime and beyond. Aggression and violent behaviour, 265-276. Gottfredson, M. G., Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. (1993). Commentary: Testing the general theory of crime. Journal of research in crime and deliquency, 47-54. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. R. (2000). In defense of self-control. Theoretical Criminology, 59-64. Macquarie. (2009). Macquarie Concise Dictionary . Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. Newburn, T. (2013). Criminology. Oxon: Routledge. Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution What is self-control and how do we apply it as a theory when referring to criminal activity? How do we use the theory of self-control to create appropriate reduction strategies for combatting criminal activity? The Macquarie Concise Dictionary defines self-control as ‘control of oneself and or ones actions, feelings, etc.’ (Macquarie, 2009) where as Hirschi Gottfredson refer to self-control as being a ‘concern for the long-term consequences of one’s acts’ (Hirschi Gottfredson, 2000). Are a person’s actions or their control of, predetermined through learned behaviours or is it merely a social â€Å"out†to state that a person has no control over their actions? That they should not be held responsible for behaviours not within their control? When does a person become responsible for their actions and can a person who has limited self-control take steps to become more self-controlled. At the age of eight years old a person is deemed to have from the ability to have self-control. At this age is would be more likely that they have learned this self-control from factors such a family structure and schooling. As maturity is a limited factor at such a young age, if a person has not formed the ability to self-control their own actions, it will be a ‘visible and stable issue as they grow older’ (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). Of those people whose self-control has formed it is often noted that they are more likely to resist temptation and are less impulsive, than those whose self-control has not yet formed. They are said to be able to rationalise and behave in what are deemed social norms on a regular and consistent basis. People with low or unformed self-control tend to be self-absorbed, egocentrically self-centred and bear no concern to what consequences their actions have on themselves or other people (Newburn, 2013). Generally speaking they are more likely to use prohibited drugs, engage in risky behaviour such as unprotected or unsafe sexual practices, consume alcohol to excess and are more likely to participate in criminal activity. It should be noted that there is a difference to lack of or low self-control and impulsiveness. Lack of self-control can in turn result is continual behaviour reoccurring due to a person creating an acceptable image within their mind that their actions are justified. Impulsiveness can be a one off event that is spurred on by a momentary thought process that may not ever occur again. But this does not mean that people with low self-control are criminals or that all criminals have low self-control. Like most crimes that are committed, there is an element of opportunity that needs to be present. Newburn makes mention that although it does not provide a long term benefit for the person, it can be stimulating, thrilling and is usually an unskilled act or it does not require any form of proper planning and execution (Newburn, 2013). Even with or without opportunity, most crimes need some form of planning to ensure that they are likely to succeed. In his article on the formation of self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime and beyond, Hasan Buker identifies factors such as Family Structure, Parental Practices, Education and Learning, Biological Factors, Social Structure and Religious Involvement that contribute to how a person’s self-control is formed (Buker, 2011). By examining these factors we can attempt to create positive approaches to interact with people who have committed criminal offences and try to rehabilitate them from reoffending. But can those people who have already had their self-control formed be rehabilitated? Or must we strike while the iron is hot during the younger years of a person’s life and ensure that they are being appropriately taught right from wrong? The primary factors that determine one’s self-control as outlined in the general theory of crime are family structure and diminished parental supervision and parenting practices. If this is the case then it must be said that the secondary influences for self-control formation are social structure, education and learning. Almost all of these factors occur before a person has hit the defined age of eight years old for self-control formation. If parents find it socially acceptable to use prohibited drugs, then a young impressionable mind may feel that it too is an acceptable practice and is more likely to experiment if they are offered prohibited drugs at a later stage in their life. If suitable supervision occurs, which includes setting up appropriate boundaries and expectations, during the early years of a person’s childhood, including the adolescent years, they are more likely to respond in a positive manner to those who have no set boundaries and expectations. With thi s in mind, if parents are behaving in what is deemed law abiding behaviour, and they supervise their children in the same manner, then it must be said that their children’s level of self-control and ability to resist temptation would be greater and they are less likely to behave in criminal activity to those children who are not supervised in the same manner. Buker also raises social structure in his article stating that this can also lead to diminished self-control in an individual. Lower socio economic neighbourhoods are often linked to poor family structure and parental supervision as well as adverse learning environments. In these areas due to limited parental supervision, parents may often fail to monitor adverse behaviour and discipline their children in a correct and an appropriate manner. (Buker, 2011).
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Lynching and Native Americans :: Essays Papers
Lynching and Native Americans The first Spanish explorers in North America found the continent already inhabited. Native Americans had migrated throughout the western world for thousands of years. This migration came to an abrupt halt when Europeans took over and claimed this part of the world as their own. Though the Native Americans helped many Spanish and French colonists, whom they taught how to hunt, fish, and take care of themselves, these new â€Å"discoverers†still took the land, violated their hosts and began a frantic hunt for natural resources. By the seventeenth century in many of the early colonies, there were three times as many whites as Indians. This ratio increased steadily with the arrival of more and more Europeans. In his essay   â€Å"Native Americans, New Voices: American Indian History, 1895 to 1995†R. David Edmunds writes: [I]n 1893, both the frontier and Indian people seemed to be part of the past†¦In 1890, the United States Bureau of the Census had reported that the frontier had vanished and that the Indian population had fallen to 248,253. Native Americans had played a major role in the history of the frontier, but the frontier was gone. For Turner and other historians, Indian people and their role in American history were also on the road to oblivion. (Edmunds 717) President Andrew Jackson created the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act gave territory, in what is now Oklahoma and Kansas, to Native Americans who would give up their â€Å"ancestral holdings†. This act guaranteed that the Indians could live on the new land as long as they wanted. Many refused to leave their homelands and these Native Americans stayed to fight a losing battle that usually ended in death and destruction. The Europeans eventually stripped the Native Americans of much of their lands. In their efforts to retrieve their land, Native Americans who fought back over time were subjected to numerous forms of violence, such as raping, scalping and lynching, among other acts. Nevertheless, groups such as the Lokota, Sioux and Cheyenne have historically and continue to fight European and white invasion and to organized movements and groups to this end. One such movement was the American Indian Movement (AIM) which reached it heights in the 1960s and 1970s. This movement had powerful men and women leaders. For example, a region activist in this movement was Anna Mae Pictou Aquash.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
“Nature and the Physical Worldâ€Â
Most common attitudes and behaviors today on nature greatly evolved during the Romantic Era. Before, in some European countries, people don’t usually celebrate any occasion related to nature. But today’s society, because Romanticism evolved, it greatly affects our perspective and approach towards nature. When talking about nature in the Romantic Era, Rousseau is an important figure. He is the man who loves to be associated with nature. He would usually walk and explore nature related sites, climb mountains, and just simply communicate with nature. Rousseau is man of sensitivity, mood and even paranoia. In his time, he explored the agonies of love and the sentimental aspect of it. Love is the most popular feeling celebrated in the Romantic Era. This is known before as a relationship between two individuals and up to now; we use this as a common definition of Love. As we all know, when we encounter Romanticism, it reflects European society. Before, Europe is surrounded by tragic happenings, emotions not being expressed freely, and places where usually killings would take place. But now, it is safer, less hazardous, and even very much beautiful to explore. Mountains and forest or deep woods are no longer places to be afraid of. Instead these are places that are awesome to commune with nature and to be enjoyed and pondered on. Storms on the ocean are now being used as one of the most interesting subject on paintings, musical tones, poems, and writings. Before, things such as ocean storms, lightning, deep woods or mountain views are often being feared. No one would dare to draw closer to these things in fear of losing their lives. Another reason is the supernatural beliefs of people that these things were left unexplored. In the Romantic Era, romantics did not just arouse the sensitivity of emotions, but also it aroused the sensitivity to nature. People have come to realize that communicating with nature could improve one’s lifestyle and belief. Nowadays, people would explore nature and its wilderness, and they usually feel the overwhelming calmness and relaxation that it provides. It has proven that the shift in attitude towards nature is powerful and really can offer long-lasting serenity and positive perception within self. Another important figure during the romantic era is William Wordsworth. Romantic Era in poetry is centered with man’s relationship with nature and the fascination of man with Mother Earth. For Wordsworth, the definition of Romanticism is the passionate relationship towards nature and its wonder and wilderness. In his time, the word â€Å"pantheism†was stated. Because Wordsworth made to reflect his naturalistic attitude in his works, modern Pantheists described it now that God is called life of all, nature, earth and the universe. Pantheists have deep admiration and respect of all living things around us, even the forces outside the earth or in the universe. But Wordsworth did not focus mainly on these things. What he focused on is the appreciation and love for beauty and exquisiteness of Mother Earth and nature. Wordsworth, just like Rousseau, would often go for walks, exploring the beauty of life around us. He would also climb mountains and the most common is his paying attention to the things related to nature that an ordinary individual would often miss in his everyday life. What he often witnessed when he is outdoors, was the overall feeling of calmness and serenity in times of agony and loneliness. We could tell that the love, peace and comfort that Wordsworth is getting from nature is actually the feeling we get every time we call for God. In the Romantic Era, we could probably come across an identical observation, because during this time Industrialization is also emerging and became one of the most attended things by people. Probably, just like Wordsworth, people would also love to go out of the city and search for peace and quietness in one place; just like what Mother Nature provides. These things were what poetry is during these times and even up to now. People tend to find a place where they can relax and be away from all the hard works, materialism, and aristocracies. A place where they can celebrate life and enjoy living as a free individual. In Wordsworth time, nature as described to provide these things would not probably be accepted; for a reason that during these times Church controls almost everyone and everything. Maybe people have tried but it was not socially accepted and anyone who must have caught doing this was branded as deviating from what society’s norm is dictating. Rousseau and Wordsworth, as well as some other Romantic poets and figures, have only one inspiration; Mother Nature and all the living things surrounding us. The paintings, poems, pictures and writings done during these times will probably make us realize how important it is to be away, even for sometime in the materialistic world. These things will also be our heaven in seeking comfort, peace and calmness within ourselves. Jut like poets and figures in the Romantic Era, we will perceive nature as the only thing that will give us no worries no matter what we lose, no matter what the circumstance is. It is the only thing that others cannot get from us, because it will just stay within us; in our hearts and in our minds. References: http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Poetry/3389.htm Â
Friday, November 8, 2019
Journalists can talk the economy up or down - Emphasis
Journalists can talk the economy up or down Journalists can talk the economy up or down The media should exercise caution when reporting the Euro crisis, researchers warn, as the language that journalists use seems to be affecting our economic fortunes. According to a new report from the Emphasis Research Centre, there is a strong link between consumer confidence and the use of the word recovery in the press. The study tracked the presss use of the word recovery (along with green shoots) during the recent recession and the months leading up to it. In doing so, researchers found that the use of the terms increased significantly even as the financial markets were still in freefall. From August to November, for example, the FTSE 100 fell an enormous 24 per cent. Yet references to recovery rose by 26 per cent in the same period. Meanwhile, just months after recession became official in January 2009, consumer confidence began to rise and continued to rise the more recovery appeared in the media. Crucially, however, consumer confidence lagged slightly behind the presss use of the word. The researchers suggest that the language used by the press may have helped buoy consumer confidence and therefore contributed to the UKs eventual climb out of recession. They also warn that the media itself could trigger the much-feared double-dip recession. Rob Ashton, Chief Executive of Emphasis, says this appears to support anecdotal claims that the press can talk the economy up or down, even if they do so unwittingly. It could be that merely repeating the word recovery, like a mantra, somehow seeped into the subconscious of both the public and the market, he explains. This may be an example of journalists influencing the news, as well as reporting it. The research project began as a positive alternative to The Economists R-word index, which tracks how often the word recession appears in The New York Times and Washington Post. Over the past two decades, the index has spotted major economic turning points, such as the start of recessions in America in 1981, 1990 and 2001. A copy of Recovery Watch is available from the Emphasis website at emphbootstrap.wpengine.com/resources/research-centre/ Ends Press enquiries For more information, please call Indigo Cow, Emphasis PR agency, on 01273 773516 or email info@indigocow.com Notes for editors 1. Recovery Watch tracked the number of articles containing the words recovery and green shoots in the UK broadsheets between January 2008 and May 2010 against the backdrop of market activity and intervention measures. These measures include the UK Governments stimulus package, announced in November 2008; the start of quantitative easing in March 2009; and the G20 summit leaders $1.1 trillion package to tackle the financial crisis in April 2009. While these other factors may have contributed to renewed faith in the future of the markets, similarities between the rise in newspaper references to recovery and the Nationwide Consumer Confidence Index appear significant. 2. Recovery Watch is the second research project published by the new Emphasis Research Centre. Launched in April 2010, the centre conducts research into language, communication and writing skills in the UK. 3. The Emphasis Research Centre is funded by Emphasis Training Ltd, which is the UKs leading business writing training organisation.
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay Example
A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay Example A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay introduces the story; Lolita, or the Confession of a White Widowed Male,(Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 3) as written by a middle-aged European pedophile named Humbert Humbert. The essentials of this title immediately strike you as controversial considering that a lolita is a promiscuous young girl and a confession is an admission of ones sins. Hum is viewed as the victimizer by others, but views himself as the victim. He blames Lolita for his disposition, but also feels responsible for causing Lolita so much pain. How can a twelve-year-old girl have so much power over an adult? Who is the victim and who is the victimizer? In the following essay this topic of discussion will be examined thoroughly as we explore Humbert and his love interest, Lolita. The novel is written in first person narrative which creates a pragmatic depiction of Humbert; an obsessive, disillusioned and deviant character. He is full of contradictions and says I knew I had fallen in love with Lolita forever; but I also knew she would not be forever Lolita. (Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 7) which meant that he was conscious of the situation he was entering, however he made an excuse for himself to ease his conscious. In part one, you are taken back in time to Hums childhood where you are introduced to his Howell 2 childhood sweetheart, Annabelle. It then becomes evident that his obsession with Lolita started with Annabelle. He was hau nted by the memories of his lost love, therefore the only way to kill Hums pain was to incarnate Annabelle with another. Upon meeting Lolita, Humbert immediately recognizes the similarity between the two. Lolita was a fatal consequence of that princedom by the sea in my tortured past. (Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 11) Humbert becomes obsessed with Lolita, this obsession is displayed through his actions, behavior, dialect and need for total control. Humbert manipulates and controls Lolita, as well as others in the novel and even the reader, exhibited by directly addressing them as his jury. Humbert rationalizes with the reader about his obsession with Lolita, manipulating them into thinking he is mentally ill and does not know that his actions are wrong. This is precisely what his plan is; to get the readers to sympathize with him. Humbert starts his manipulation with Lolitas mother, Charlotte, who falls madly in love with him. He recognizes the opportunity to take advantage of Charlottes endearment for him and decides to trick Charlotte into thinking that he is in love with her and marries her to stay close with Lolita. However he does not succeed in doing this because Charlotte is jealous of the affection Lolita receives from Humbert. He successfully ridicules Charlotte for example, as a representative middle class american uffoon but he fails to see that her very inadequacines expose him as well. In some ways Charlotte is very much like Humbert. Charlottes hopeless passion for Humbert for example parallels Humbert for Lolita. Despite Humberts ridicule ,Charlottes romantic feelings are not so different from his, belying his claims that his ecstasies are special. (Wallace, Howell 3 4:2493-2494) Charlotte is very selfish, materialis tic and easily influenced by media. Charlotte Haze has her perceptions and her mode of expression shaped by soap operas, psychoanalysis and cheap novelettes. Humbert is familiar with the patterned experiences and cliched phraseology of these forms and is able to use his knowledge to deceive Charlotte. (Winston, 4:2487) As a writer, Humbert is able to use his literary skills to create Charlottes perfect romantic fantasy, enabling him to be intimate with Lolita without Charlotte noticing. Eventually Charlotte becomes jealous when the majority of Hums attention is directed to Lolita and sends her to summer camp, with proceeding plans to send her to boarding school when she returns home. When Charlotte reveals er plans, Humberts obsession with Lolita comes to an extreme when he considers killing Charlotte for the sole purpose of being next to Lolita. Ironically, Charlottes jealousy leads her to find out the truth of Humberts feelings towards Lolita and in an attempt to expose him for the pedophile he really is, it struck by a vehicle and killed.? Lolita is much like her mother in her fondness for Humbert. Her admiration for him is visible th roughout the book. For example, Lolita has various scribbling and doodles of the two of them together on the walls of her room and the cliched DL HH, enclosed in a heart, carved into her headboard. She also make her adoration evident by the affection she displays. She never leaves his side when they are together and is very flirtatious with him. When Humbert picks Lolita up from Summer Camp after her mothers death, Lolita informs Humbert that she had been unfaithful to him by experimenting sexually with a boy from camp. Lolita is seemingly mature for her age, and is referred to by Humbert as a nymphet. This allegation proves true by her promiscuity at camp Howell 4 and her vampish behavior. Humbert shares with us that he was not at fault in his relationship with Lolita and that it was her who seduced him. This could very easily be regarded as truth due to the path of action she takes. For example, in the Enchanted Hunters hotel room the morning after she returns from camp Lolita questions Humberts past relationships and asks him if he has ever had sex as a child. When he answers no, she proceeds to copulate with him. Humbert states that, for her, sex was just another activity between children, unconnected to what adults do behind closed doors. Lolita likes to play on Humberts emotions, she will intentionally tease him then push him away when he gets close. She often contradicts her actions by threatening to tell the police that Humbert raped her after having sex with him. Lolita constantly hurts Humbert with her indifference and rebuffs him when he pleads for her affection. Humbert often buys gifts for Lolita as an attempt to keep her interested in him. Humbert eventually comes to realize that his continual sexual activity with Lolita has given her an impression that attracts other men and boys. He ries to prevent Lolita from having any other interaction with the male species, and allows Lolita to interact with other girls her age and participate in select activities like horseback riding, tennis and theater in exchange for sexual favors. Humbert often bribes Lolita with money in exchange for intercourse. Humbert emphasizes to Lolita that if she turns him in for rape she will become a ward of the state and be enrolled in t he state-run reformatory school. His desire for Lolita is so strong that he neglects her feeling as a human being, keeping her just content enough to still want intercourse with him. Lolita is very deviant and is able to convince Humbert to take her away on a road trip to Howell 5 wherever she wants to go. He assumes that she just wants to be with him and agrees, little does he know that Lolita has planned to escape him and elope with another man. Lolitas theatrical experience makes it easy for her to deceive Humbert. He observes a man, which seemed to be following them on their journey, but dismisses it for a hallucination. Lolita had been in contact with the man the whole time her and Humbert were traveling. Lolita soon convinces Humbert that she is ill and is taken to a hospital. Humbert decides to stay in a motel close to the hospital, and when he returns to retrieve Lolita, he is informed that she had already been checked out by another relative. This whole plot Lolita had planned provides useful information about her character, taking on the assertion that she had manipulated Humbert into thinking that she was in love with him. Deceiving him so that he would not be suspicious of her other lover. This proves that Lolita was the more manipulative of the two in a romantic setting. Although Lolita had toyed with Hums emotions and pretended to love him, she could have suffered from adolescent bipolar disorder, but was never diagnosed with it. Lolita had almost all of the common symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder; marked irritability, frequent mood swings, impulsivity, restlessness, silliness, aggressive behavior, rages and explosive temper tantrums, oppositional behavior, grandiosity, hypersexuality, confusion, manipulative behavior, bossiness, lying, and depressed moods. While there is continuing debate over the validity of the diagnosis of mania in hildren, since 1994 a number of systematic clinical investigations and family/ genetic studies have begun to shed light on the presentation and naturalistic course of childhood-onset bipolar disorder, suggesting a developmentally different Howell 6 presentation in young children as compared to its adult form. Adult-onset and juvenile-onset forms of BPD have certain similar features and comorbidities in common, but in the juvenile form of the disorder, the complexities wrought by the frequent overlap of symptoms with other disorders that are far more commonly iagnosed in childhood has had a confounding affect on clinical diagnostic practice for years. (Papolos, Cockerham, Hennen) If she had had this disorder, it could explain why she had been back and fourth with Humbert. She was often irritated with him and often had mood swings after intercourse. Given this information about Lolita were true, it would be in irony that Humbert was suffering from an illness of the same type, trying to make the reader believe that he was indeed mentally ill. Some may think that Humberts relationship with Lolita would be the primary cause of her bipolar nature. However, Lolita displayed signs of adolescent bipolar disorder far before their first sexual encounter. In spite of Lolitas voiced desire for Humbert, Humbert should not have exploited Lolita either. He knew from the beginning that his feeling for her were wrong. Although pedophilia remains illegal, and our culture still considers it morally wrong, recent changes in the APAs own diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) have reopened the discussion of the psychological dimension of pedophilia. History of the Diagnosis. In the DSM-III, the American Psychiatric Association contended that merely acting upon ones rges toward children was considered sufficient to generate a diagnosis of pedophilia. (Rind) Howell 7 The years after Lolita left were spent being studied by psychologists in various sanitariums for not only the exploitation of young girls, but the Murder of Claire Quincy, Lolitas other Lover. Humbert would have then been labeled a pedophile and received medical help to cure him. However, he also exhibited severe skitzotypical behavior, therefore making it near impossible to diagnose him. He would purposely take on symptoms he did not have, make up illusions, and lie about dreams and thoughts he had, causing a falsified diagnostic. Instead of accepting that he had an illness, Humbert wanted to keep his and Lolitas affair sacred. He may have also had a personality complex which is exhibited in his paranoia and fits of rage, which would explain why he killed Quincey so violently. In conclusion, both Humbert and Lolita were possible victims of mental illness which would have caused them to behave out of the normal character. Each one abused the other, Humbert in pursuing and obsessing over Lolita and Lolita in encouraging Humberts desires for her and making him think that it was acceptable to do so. Humbert really did love Lolita, despite the relationships immorality and was extremely hurt when he had found out that Lolita left him for another man. Humbert is the hero with the tragic flaw. Humbert is every man who is driven by desire, wanting his Lolita so badly that it never occurs to him to consider her as a human being, or as anything but a dream-figment made fleshwhich is the eternal and universal nature of passion.
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